1. Unit 9: Cellular Energy

2. Cellular Energy Vocabulary
ISN 137due Friday
Adenosine triphosphate
Reactants
Products
Adenosine diphosphate
Chlorophyll
Alcoholic Fermentation
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Lactic acid fermentation
Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration
Metabolism

3. Purpose: Identify the reactants, products, & basic functions of photosynthesis.
Purpose on ISN 138.
Notes & POGIL on ISN 139.
Homework worksheet on ISN 138.

4. Photosynthesis Song

5. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Autotrophic Process: Plants and plant-like organisms make their energy (glucose) from sunlight.
Stored as carbohydrate in their bodies.
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6O2

6. Why is Photosynthesis important?
Makes organic molecules (glucose) out of inorganic materials (carbon dioxide and water).
It begins all food chains/webs. Thus all life is supported by this process.
It also makes oxygen gas!!

7. Photosynthesis-starts to ecological food webs!

8. Photo-synthesis
means "putting together with light."
Plants use sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide into glucose. Glucose is a kind of sugar.
Plants use glucose as food for energy and as a building block for growing.
Autotrophs make glucose and heterotrophs are consumers of it.

9. How do we know that plants make carbohydrates from just carbon dioxide water and light energy?
Experiments!
For example:
Jan Baptisa van Helmont (1648) planted a willow branch weighing 5 pounds into 200 pounds of soil and then after 4 years the tree weighed 169 lbs. and the soil was still nearly 200 lbs.

10. Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen
sunlight
absorbed by chlorophyll
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2
As can be seen from the equation for photosynthesis, the wood, bark, and root came from water and carbon dioxide.

11. Plants in Action Check it!
What is the process that uses the sun’s energy to make simple sugars?

12. Plant leaves have many types of cells!

13. Plants Autotrophs – produce their own food (glucose)
Process called photosynthesis
Mainly occurs in the leaves:
a. stoma - pores
b. mesophyll cells
Mesophyll
Cell
Chloroplast
Stoma

14. Stomata (stoma)
Pores in a plant’s cuticle through which water vapor and gases (CO2 & O2) are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere.
Guard Cell
Oxygen
(O2)
Stoma
Carbon Dioxide
(CO2)
Found on the underside of leaves

15. Stoma This opening how plants exchange gases. Check it
Stoma This opening how plants exchange gases! Check it! Can you name the two important gases that go in and out of the leaves?
Why are the stomata located on the underside of leaves?

16. Mesophyll Cell of Leaf Photosynthesis occurs in these cells! Nucleus
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Central Vacuole
Photosynthesis occurs in these cells!

17. Chloroplast Organelle where photosynthesis takes place.
Stroma
Outer Membrane
Thylakoid
Granum
Inner Membrane
Thylakoid stacks are connected together

18. Chloroplasts make the oxygen too!

19. Grana make up the inner membrane
Thylakoid
Thylakoid Membrane
Granum
Thylakoid Space
Grana make up the inner membrane

20. Plant Cells

21. The photograph below is an elodea leaf X 400
The photograph below is an elodea leaf X 400. Individual cells are clearly visible. The tiny green structures within the cells are chloroplasts this is where photosynthesis happens.                                    

22. Chloroplasts make the sugars!

23. Leaves are green because they contain
Plants
Leaves are green because they contain
the pigment:
chlorophyll
Leaves have a large surface area to absorb as much light as possible
"Thanks for the Glucose!"

24. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Absorbing Light Energy to make chemical energy: glucose!
Pigments: Absorb different colors of white light (ROY G BIV)
Main pigment: Chlorophyll a
Accessory pigments: Chlorophyll b and Carotenoids
These pigments absorb all wavelengths (light) BUT green!

25. Fall Colors
In addition to the chlorophyll pigments, there are other pigments present
During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduced revealing the other pigments
Carotenoids are pigments that are either red, orange, or yellow

26. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Why do we see green?
Green color from white light reflected NOT absorbed
Chloroplast: organelle responsible for photosynthesis
Chlorophyll: located within Chloroplast
Green pigment

27. Visible light is only a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum (all forms of light).

28. LIGHT behaves as if it were composed of "units" or "packets" of energy that travel in waves. These packets are photons.
The wavelength of light determines its color.

30. Chlorophyll: A Light Absorbing Pigment
The Solar Panel Chemical!

32. Photosynthesis
Glucose provides the energy and carbon needed to make other plant materials like wax and proteins.

33. In plants and simple animals, waste products are removed by diffusion
In plants and simple animals, waste products are removed by diffusion. Plants, for example, excrete O2, a product of photosynthesis.

34. EQUATION FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS
WATER
OXYGEN
6CO2 +
6H2O +
ENERGY
C6H12O6 +
6O2
CARBON DIOXIDE
GLUCOSE

35. Purpose: Identify the reactants, products, & basic functions in the different types of cellular respiration.
Purpose on ISN 140.
POGIL parts 2,3,4 & Notes on ISN 141.
Homework on ISN 140: Make an “artsy” representation of the cellular respiration equation (both words & formula). Under that, draw or paste a picture of yourself with reactants going in on the left & products coming out on the right.

36. Homework Part B Example

37. When is ATP Made in the Body?
During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals

38. Cellular Respiration Includes pathways that require oxygen
Breakdown of one glucose results in 36 to 38 ATP molecules

39. Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration
C6H12O O2
YIELDS
6CO2 + 6H20 + e ATP’s

40. What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration?
Glycolysis
The Krebs Cycle
The Electron Transport Chain

41. Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?
It actually takes place in two parts of the cell:
Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria

42. Review of Mitochondria Structure
Smooth outer Membrane
Folded inner membrane
Folds called Cristae
Space inside cristae called the Matrix

43. Glycolysis Summary Requires input of 2 ATP Produces 4 ATP
Takes place in the Cytoplasm
Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)
Requires input of 2 ATP
Produces 4 ATP

44. Fermentation Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic)
Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells (makes muscles tired)
Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces ethanol)
Nets only 2 ATP

45. A Little Krebs Cycle History
Discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937
He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1953 for his discovery
Forced to leave Germany prior to WWII because he was Jewish

46. Krebs Cycle Summary Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)
Cyclical series of reactions that give off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle
Turns twice per glucose molecule
Produces two ATP
Takes place in matrix of mitochondria

47. Electron Transport Chain Summary
34 ATP Produced
H2O Produced
Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane

48. Video Links Hank on Cellular Repiration & ATP
EOC Review Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis

49. Purpose: Compare & contrast the products and reactants of cellular respiration & how they are interrelated.
Purpose on ISN 142.
Notes on ISN 143
Homework on ISN 142: WKBK 86 Compare
Seed Song

50. Make a foldable

52. Video Links Hank on Cellular Repiration & ATP
EOC Review Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis

53. Purpose: Connect the role of ATP to energy transfers within a cell.
Purpose on ISN 144.
Purple notes & Model 1 from the last POGIL on ISN 145. (models 2, 3, & 4 go on ISN 141)
Homework on ISN 144: WKBK 79 Organize & Sequence; WKBK 80 1st Summarize w/ the 2 squares

54. Energy for Life on Earth
Sunlight is the ULTIMATE energy for all life on Earth
Plants store energy in the chemical bonds of sugars
Chemical energy is released as ATP during cellular respiration

55. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate
Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds

56. Chemical Structure of ATP
Adenine Base
3 Phosphates
Ribose Sugar

57. What Does ATP Do for You?
It supplies YOU with ENERGY!

58. How Do We Get Energy From ATP?
By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

59. What is the Process Called?
HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O)
H2O

60. How Does That Happen?
An Enzyme!
ATPase

61. How is ATP Re-Made? The reverse of the previous process occurs.
Another Enzyme is used!
ATP Synthetase

62. The ADP-ATP Cycle
ATP Synthetase
ATP-ase

63. When is ATP Made in the Body?
During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals

64. Cellular Respiration Includes pathways that require oxygen
Breakdown of one glucose results in 36 to 38 ATP molecules

65. Glycolysis Diagram

66. Electron Transport Chain Summary
34 ATP Produced
H2O Produced
Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane
Uses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ to accept e- from glucose
NADH = 3 ATP’s
FADH2 = 2 ATP’s

67. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

68. Photosynthesis Anabolic (small molecules combined)
Endergonic (stores energy)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) requiring process that uses light energy (photons) and water (H2O) to produce organic macromolecules (glucose).
6CO H2O  C6H12O O2
glucose
SUN
photons

69. Where does photosynthesis take place?
Question:
Where does photosynthesis take place?

70. Plants Autotrophs – produce their own food (glucose)
Process called photosynthesis
Mainly occurs in the leaves:
a. stoma - pores
b. mesophyll cells
Mesophyll
Cell
Chloroplast
Stoma

71. Mesophyll Cell of Leaf Photosynthesis occurs in these cells! Nucleus
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Central Vacuole
Photosynthesis occurs in these cells!

72. Chloroplast Organelle where photosynthesis takes place.
Stroma
Outer Membrane
Thylakoid
Granum
Inner Membrane
Thylakoid stacks are connected together

73. Grana make up the inner membrane
Thylakoid
Thylakoid Membrane
Granum
Thylakoid Space
Grana make up the inner membrane

74. Question:
Why are plants green?

75. Chlorophyll Molecules
Located in the thylakoid membranes
Chlorophyll have Mg+ in the center
Chlorophyll pigments harvest energy (photons) by absorbing certain wavelengths (blue-420 nm and red-660 nm are most important)
Plants are green because the green wavelength is reflected, not absorbed.

77. Wavelength of Light (nm)
400
500
600
700
Short wave
Long wave
(more energy)
(less energy)

78. Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll absorbs blue-violet & red light best
violet blue green yellow orange red
Absorption
wavelength

79. During the fall, what causes the leaves to change colors?
Question:
During the fall, what causes the leaves to change colors?

80. Fall Colors
In addition to the chlorophyll pigments, there are other pigments present
During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduced revealing the other pigments
Carotenoids are pigments that are either red, orange, or yellow

81. Why do cells use for energy?
Question:
Why do cells use for energy?

82. Structure of ATP ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate
It is composed of the nitrogen base ADENINE, the pentose (5C) sugar RIBOSE, and three PHOSPHATE groups
The LAST phosphate group is bonded with a HIGH ENERGY chemical bond
This bond can be BROKEN to release ENERGY for CELLS to use

83. Removing a Phosphate from ATP
Breaking the LAST PHOSPHATE bond from ATP, will ---
Release ENERGY for cells to use
Form ADP
Produce a FREE PHOSPHATE GROUP