1. Julius Caesar
After Sulla left office Roman leaders battled for power supported by local armies
Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey would eventually rule over Rome due to their wealth and success as military men
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2. Julius Caesar They formed the first Triumvirate
Triumvirate-political alliance of 3 people

3. Julius Caesar
Each member of the triumvirate had commanded remote areas of the republic
Caesar- Gaul (France)
Pompey- Spain
Crassus- Syria

4. Julius Caesar Crassus was killed in 53 BC
The Senate decided Pompey should come back and rule Rome alone.

5. Caesar’s Military Campaigns
Julius Caesar
Caesar’s Military Campaigns
Caesar had many successful campaigns battling foreign tribes and invading Britain.

6. Caesar’s Military Campaigns
Julius Caesar
Caesar’s Military Campaigns
In 49 BC the Senate ordered Caesar to give up his army and come home.
If Caesar obeyed he could face prison or death at the hands of his rivals.

7. Caesar’s Military Campaigns
Julius Caesar
Caesar’s Military Campaigns
The other option was to march on Rome and risk civil war.
Caesar chose to march into Italy with his 5,000 soldier army crossing the Rubicon

8. Caesar’s Military Campaigns
Julius Caesar
Caesar’s Military Campaigns
Pompey tried to stop Caesar but failed
He drove Pompey’s army from Italy and then crushed it in Greece in 48 BC

9. Julius Caesar Caesar’s Rise to Power
44 BC Caesar declared himself dictator, breaking tradition that allowed dictators to hold power for only a short period.

10. Julius Caesar Caesar’s Rise to Power Caesar made reforms
Granted citizenship to people living in Rome’s territory outside Italy
Started new colonies to provide land for the landless
Ordered landowners using slaves to hire more free workers
Created a new calendar with 12 months, 365 days and a leap year

11. Julius Caesar Caesar’s Rise to Power
The Julian calendar was used until AD 1582 when the Gregorian calendar was instituted based on the birth of Christ.

12. Julius Caesar Caesar’s Rise to Power
While many supported Caesar, many did not.
His enemies feared he wanted to be king.
He was told to “Beware of the Ides of March” (March15th)
On that date Senators led by Brutus and Cassius surrounded him and stabbed him to death.

13. Rome Becomes an Empire
Caesar’s death plunged Rome into another civil war.
On one side were the forces who had killed Julius Caesar
On the other side was Octavian, Caesar’s grand nephew, and 2 generals; Antony and Lepidus
Octavian also known as Augustus Caesar

14. Rome Becomes an Empire 2nd Triumvirate Octavian, Antony, and Lipidus
Quarreled immediately
Lipidus retired from politics
Antony and Octavian divided the empire
Octavian the West and Antony the East

15. Rome Becomes an Empire 2nd Triumvirate
Octavian came into conflict with Antony after Antony fell for Cleopatra of Egypt and formed an alliance
Octavian declared war on Antony

16. Rome Becomes an Empire 2nd Triumvirate
In the Battle of Actium Octavian crushed the Army and Navy of Antony and Cleopatra
The couple fled to Egypt and a year later they killed themselves as Octavian was closing in.

17. Rome Becomes an Empire 2nd Triumvirate
This ended the period of civil wars
Octavian laid the foundation for a new system of government-the Roman Empire

18. Rome Becomes an Empire Cicero
A political leader and Rome’s greatest public speaker
Called for a representative government with limited powers

19. Rome Becomes an Empire Cicero Cicero did not live to see Octavian rule
Octavian took the title of Augustus or “The revered majestic one.”

20. Review What is a triumvirate? Who was Cicero?
Who made up the first and second Triumvirate?