1. Questions With a partner, answer the following questions:
Explain three similarities that you see between Rome and Greece.
Compare and contrast Rome with Persia.
Why did Rome not have city-states? Why did Greece?

2. From Republic to Empire

3. Growing Inequality Senate becoming more powerful and more elite
Small farmers losing land to patrician class – moving to cities in search of work
Gracchus brothers (Tiberius and Gaius) suggest redistributing land from the rich to the poor – they are murdered by Senators (133 BCE)

4. A New Role for the Army
New idea from Marius (Roman general): recruit landless poor to serve in army who swore an oath of loyalty to the general - not the government
Legacy: concentrated power in hands of individual generals
Military becomes an attractive tool for ambitious men

5. Questions Why were more people moving to the cities?
How did Marius change the role of the army?

6. Collapse of the Republic
83-31 BCE – 50 years of civil war with individuals competing for power
A group of three senators step in to take control and bring order to Rome…

7. The First Triumvirate
Caesar, Pompey, Crassus = unofficial alliance in the Senate
Caesar is out conquering Gaul (France) – his success leads to popularity amongst the plebians
Crassus dies in battle > Pompey elected sole consul (afraid of Caesar’s growing popularity)

8. Civil War/The Reign of Julius Caesar
Caesar invades Italy by crossing the Rubicon River and defeats Pompey’s army (Civil War)
Side Note: Pompey flees to Egypt – Caesar follows him and allies with Cleopatra in her attempt to take control from her brother
Caesar wins and is named “dictator for life”
Granted Roman citizenship to many people in the provinces
Expanded the Senate – Why?
Created jobs with new construction projects
Started colonies were the landless to go and own land
Increased pay for soldiers
Who would like Caesar’s rule and who would not?

10. Questions What is a triumvirate? Why did Caesar invade Italy?
What group of people supported Caesar?

11. The Second Triumvirate
After Caesar’s assassination, civil war breaks out
Caesar’s 3 main supporters band together to crush the assassins:
Octavian (Caesar’s heir)
Antony (Caesar’s ally)
Lepidus (Caesar’s commander)
Second Triumvirate = official alliance

12. The Death of the Republic
After crushing Caesar’s opponents, Octavian and Antony come into conflict with each other
Antony allies with Cleopatra VII of Egypt and falls in love
Octavian destroys army and navy of Antony and Cleopatra (31 BCE) and they both commit suicide
Consequence: Octavian is sole ruler of Roman world

13. The Age of Augustus (31 BCE – 14 CE)
Octavian  Augustus (“the revered one”)
Gives some power back to Senate and becomes first Roman imperator (emperor)
Highly popular but still controls army

14. The Age of Augustus Glorified Rome with buildings
Set up a civil service program (paid workers to run the government)
Adopted a capable man as his son, so that leadership passed to a good leader
Side Note: most Roman senators did not realize that the Republic was over at first. They still had power but were just directed by Augustus. It wasn’t under Augustus names his own heir that many realize that the Republic was dead and they were now being ruled by an Emperor.

15. Questions How did Augustus come to power?
Why did Antony ally with Cleopatra?
How were the politics of the Roman Empire similar to and different from the era of the Roman Republic?

17. Pax Romana (Roman Peace)
27 BCE – 180 CE
Time of peace (except for some fighting with tribes along the borders)
Roman Empire = 3 million square miles
Border = 10 million miles long
How do we protect this massive border?
Population = million people
90% of population = farmers
Reign of the “Five Good Emperors” – ends with the death of Marcus Aurelius (anyone seen Gladiator?!)

18. Questions Identify one characteristic of the Pax Romana
Identify another characteristic of the Pax Romana

19. Hadrian’s wall, Trajan’s column

20. Life in the Roman Empire
Women nearly equal to men
Could own property and testify in court
Could not vote
“Officially” in the background – but often ran the show
Slavery
Mostly conquered people
Some became gladiators
Occasionally, slaves would rebel but none were successful

21. “Bread and Circuses” Extreme inequality between the rich and poor
Government provides free games, races, mock battles, and gladiator contests
By 250 CE, there were 150 holidays in one year
Why?

22. The Decline After the Pax Romana the Roman Empire begins to decline.
Next class we will study some of the many reasons that the empire went into decline and eventually fell.