1. Ch 8, Sec 3: The Fall of the Republic

2. Problems in Rome Gov’t officials stole money
Problems b/t rich and poor were never solved
Farms destroyed
Food was scarce in some areas
Cities were overcrowded and dangerous

3. Farmers were ruined Farms were ignored while men were at war
Farms destroyed by the army of Carthage
Rich farmers were becoming poor

4. Latifundias Large farms in Rome
Poor farmers were competing against rich Romans who bought up the land
Used war prisoners as slaves-worked cheaper than Roman citizens
Further increased the divide between rich and poor

5. Poor Farmers and City life
Sold land to latifundias and moved to cities
Could not find work easily
Slaves took most city jobs for the plebeians
Took jobs for little pay
Caused the rich and poor to fight
Politicians started given food/entertainment to distract the poor

6. Tiberius and Gaius Brothers and gov’t officials
Saw the problems in the cities
Wanted to give land back to the poor farmers
Seen as threats and killed for their ideas by the rich senators
Proved the rich could break the law and get away with it

7. Marius takes office Roman military leader became a Consul
Hired poor farmers/soldiers and paid them with money and land
Changed the army from volunteers for Rome to loyalty to Marius
Needed to gain political power to pay off land promises

8. Sulla takes office Army generals started fighting each other for power
Sulla took over
Took away the power of the Council of Plebs
Gave power to the Patricians/Senate
Caused 50 years of Civil War

9. First Triumvirate Takes Power
Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey shared power of Rome
Military leaders turned political allies
Each man took control of a different area of Rome:
Crassus-Syria
Pompey-Spain
Caesar-Gaul (France)

10. Rise of Caesar as Top Ruler of Rome
Caesar became powerful and was
loved by the poor
Caesar took over Britain
Senators feared Caesar and told him to return home and made Pompey top ruler of Rome
Caesar ignored their order and brought his army into Rome to take over as top ruler

11. Caesar Takes Over Declared himself dictator for life (not 6 months)
Got rid of senators who tried to ruin him
Hired loyal people to become senators
Gave out citizenship to anyone in Rome’s territory
Created jobs and gave out land for the poor
Created a new calendar

12. Some People Feared Caesar
Thought Caesar wanted to
become a king
Some senators plotted to
kill him including Brutus
and Cassius
March 15, 44 B.C.-Caesar was stabbed at the Senate building
Led to a civil war between the senators who killed Caesar and Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus

13. Second Triumvirate
Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus won the civil war and created the second triumvirate
Could not agree on how to rule
Lepidus forced out of office
Octavian ruled the west
Antony ruled the east

14. Antony and Cleopatra Created an alliance with each other Fell in love
Antony wanted to become the only ruler of Rome
Octavian declared war on Antony

15. Battle of Actium 31 B.C.- off the west coast of Greece
Octavian’s army/navy destroyed Antony’s military
Antony/Cleopatra forced to hide in Egypt
Results: Antony/Cleopatra killed themselves and Octavian created the Roman Empire as it’s only ruler

16. Octavian becomes Augustus
Octavian set up a republic
form of gov’t
Believed the republic form of
gov’t had problems that could not be solved
Gave some power back to the Senate
Octavian took the position of imperator or “emperor”
He changed his name to Augustus-means “the revered or majestic one”