1. TRAPS & FENCES Traps -- behaviors with short term gain, long term pain
smoking, eating sweets, procrastination
Fences -- behaviors with short term lack of consequence or even mildly aversive consequence
flossing, getting right on the job, eating broccoli

2. PUNISHMENT
Defined -- the application of aversive or unpleasant consequences to a behavior. A punishment reduces the likelihood of a behavior occurring.
Like a negative reinforcer, it is unpleasant but a negative reinforcer strengthens and sustains behaviors. Punishment weakens and eliminates behaviors.

3. PROBLEMS IN THE PROCESS
Is it truly punishment?
Is the timing delayed?
Is the punishment strong enough

4. A CASE AGAINST PUNISHMENT
It requires monitoring
It is wasteful of supervisor’s time
It only suppresses behavior
It has undesirable side effects
fear, hostility, revenge
Nonetheless it is essential

5. EFFECTIVE PUNISHMENT Apply before the behavior takes root
Make it quick and strong enough
Punish the act, not the person
It should be consistent across time and people
It should have informational value
It is more effective in a warm and supportive relationship

6. OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Learning by watching
Distinctiveness of the theory
cognitive
vicarious learning
motivation
active
efficient

7. VICARIOUS LEARNING Modeling Ability and practice
Vicarious reinforcement

8. MOTIVATION
Self-efficacy -- self-judgment concerning ability to perform an act.
positive enactment
modeling
coaching

9. SELF-CONTROL
Arrange work environment so that negative behaviors are reduced and positive ones increased. Engineer your antecedents (signals) for effective behavior
Self-reward -- use more preferred activities as a reward for accomplishing less preferred ones.

10. BACKWARDS & FORWARDS Summing up -- Looking ahead Traps & fences
Problems in punishing
Making it more effective
Observational learning
Looking ahead
Motivation and needs that govern work behavior