1. The Revolutions of 1830 & 1848: Beginnings of Nationalism in Europe

2. Congress of Vienna
After Napoleon’s defeat, diplomats & leaders redrew the map of Europe at the Congress of Vienna, 1815.
Goal - create a lasting peace while preserving the old order. They wanted to:
Create a balance of power
Protect the system of monarchy
Prevent French expansion
Result?
The Congress of Vienna kept European countries from using wars to solve their problems.
It was a different story inside of countries.

3. 3 Schools of Political Thought became popular:
Different set of followers
Believed their beliefs were the best for the people
Competed for control

4. #1 Conservatism
Emphasized value of traditional institutions & practices.
Protected traditional monarchies of Europe.
Usually wealthy property owners & nobility.
Keep the old ways!!

5. #2 Liberalism Wanted modern, efficient self-government
Supported Enlightenment ideals.
Supported Constitutions & Laissez-Faire economic policies.
Mostly middle-class business leaders & merchants.
More power to elect parliaments, but only the educated & the landowners would vote.

6. #3 Radicalism Wanted extreme change - democracy to all people.
Anti-church & anti-monarchy, generally opposed the old ways.
Workers & industrialists.
After 1832 they merged with the Liberals. 

7. True Nation states in Europe in 1815
England
France
Spain

8. Early Revolution – The Greeks
Controlled by Ottoman Empire for yrs
Greeks kept their culture alive due to their ancient heritage
Rebelled against the Ottomans