1. The Expansion of Education
chapter 9, section 1

2. Growth of Public Schools
Importance of literacy (1st step toward success)
1870s
Leaving school at an early age
2% of 17-year-olds graduated HS
Rural: November to April only

3. Growth of Public Schools
Industry grows after Civil War
People move to cities
Emphasis on education
By 1910, graduation rate = 8.6% (This is up from 2% in 1870s.)

4. School Days One-room school houses Ages 6 to 14 years old
1 teacher (older students taught younger)
Mostly rote memorization (reading aloud & repeating)
Subjects (geography, history, R, R, R)

5. Immigrants Assimilation for children Some resisted (Catholic school)
English literacy
American cultural values (thrift, patriotism, & hard work)
Traditional American cooking
Traditional American games
Some resisted (Catholic school)

6. Uneven Support Separate schools for whites and blacks
Minority schools received less money
Virtually no schooling for Native Americans. Those that attended:
Gave up their language
Gave up their dress
Gave up their customs/culture

7. Higher Education 1880-1900 150 new colleges/universities open
Wealthy contributions to education
Stanford
Rockefeller
Enrollment doubles ( )
Soon middle-income families send kids

8. Texas State University – 1899

9. Women & Higher Ed.
Private women’s colleges established by philanthropists
1880/90s: pressure to admit women
Some, yes; others, no.
Most scholarships went to men.
Social prejudice against women
Too independent  “unmarriageable”

10. African Americans Many wanted to enroll, but few schools allowed it.
Total enrollment (1890) = 160
Most were at African American colleges (established during Reconstruction)
By 1900, there were 2,000 graduates.

11. Black Education Opinions
2 famous African American college graduates:
Booker T. Washington
W.E.B. Du Bois
2 very different perspectives

12. Booker T. Washington
“To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition… I would say: ‘Cast down your bucket where you are’ …No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem”

13. Booker T. Washington Founded Tuskegee Institute (Alabama, 1881) Focus:
Building economic security & vocational skills
Not on political equality
Popular w/ whites

14. W.E.B. Du Bois
“I insist that the true object of all true education is not to make men carpenters, it is to make carpenters men….”

15. W.E.B. Du Bois
“…The Talented Tenth of the Negro race must be made leaders of thought and missionaries of culture among their people. No others can do this work and Negro colleges must train men for it.”

16. W.E.B. Du Bois Harvard PhD The Talented Tenth
Political/social equality & civil rights
Liberal arts (not vocational)
Pride in heritage
Niagara Movement (1905)

17. Niagara Movement Met on Canadian side of Niagara Falls Called for:
Full civil rights
End to racial discrimination
Recognition of human brotherhood
Led to the formation of NAACP

19. New Entertainment
chapter 9, section 2

20. Flowchart

21. Vaudeville / Minstrel Show
Inexpensive variety show
Comic sketches (racial/ethnic humor), song/dance, magic acts
Minstrel Shows
Blackface (perpetuation of black stereotypes)

22. Movies 1908 Movies continue to get bigger and better
8,000 nickelodeons (theaters set up in converted stores or warehouses that charged a nickel for admission)
200,000 viewers daily
Movies continue to get bigger and better

23. Circus 1872 The circus train: traveling circus
“Advance men” promote the show days in advance, drawing in huge crowds.
Running away to join the circus

26. Amusement Parks Advances in trolley technology
Trolleys extended to lesser populated areas
“Trolley Parks” at the end of the line
½ day off on Saturdays (more common)
Music, games of skill, rides, beaches, vaudeville

27. Sports Baseball By far the most popular Development of leagues
1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings (first professional team)

28. Sports Football (1880s) Basketball (1891) Women
Walter Camp began adapting rugby
Basketball (1891)
Invented by Dr. James Naismith, a PE teacher in Springfield, Mass.
Women
Played, but not equally encouraged

29. Reading Newspapers Easier printing  mass production
Now w/comics, sports, pictures, etc.
Circulation rises from 2.6 million1870 to 15.1 million1900
Becomes big business  more competition  sales tactics change

30. Reading Yellow Journalism
sensational mass coverage (murders, vice, scandals, etc.)
Reference to yellow ink in a popular comic strip of the era

31. Reading Magazines Popular Fiction Dime novels Social protest novels
Humorous novels

32. Music Negro Spiritual Ragtime/Jazz (New Orleans) Music @ home
African American folk music
Acceptable to whites
Ragtime/Jazz (New Orleans)
home
Player piano, phonograph
Music