1. The Scientific
Revolution

2. Ptolemy’s Geocentric Theory

3. A New Way of Thinking
Clockwise from top left is a collage of Kepler, Copernicus, Newton, Galileo, Descartes, and Ptolemy. (Images courtesy of the Library of Congress and NASA.)

4. Copernicus’s Heliocentric theory

5. The idea of Copernicus was not really new
The idea of Copernicus was not really new! because he added the ideas of Aristarchus who put the sun at the center of the universe, and his own observations. Indeed a sun-centered Solar System had been proposed as early as about 200 B.C. by Aristarchus of Samos (Samos is an island off the coast of what is now Turkey). However, it did not survive long under the weight of Aristotle's influence and "common sense": One of the questions raised by Aristotle was : if the Earth is actually on an orbit around the sun, why wasn't a parallax effect observed? That is  : stars should appear to change their position with the respect to the other background stars as the earth moved about its orbit, because of viewing them from a different perspective. Indeed this  objection is valid, but failed to account for what we now know to be the enormous distances to the stars. The parallax effect is there, but it is very small because the stars are so far away that their parallax can only be observed with very precise instruments which were only invented in the 19th century. Thus, the heliocentric idea of Aristarchus was quickly forgotten and Western thought stagnated for almost 2000 years as it waited for Copernicus to revive the heliocentric theory.

6. Kepler inserts mathematics and elliptical orbits to Copernicus’s basic ideas

7. With sincere heart and unpretended faith I abjure, curse, and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies [of Copernicus] and also every other error… contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear that in the future I will never say or assert…anything that might cause a similar suspicion towards me. -Galileo Galilei

9. Francis Bacon

10. Rene` Descartes “ I think, therefore I am”

11. Sir Isaac Newton

12. Scientific Instruments
F = 9/5C + 32.

13. Discoveries in Chemistry and the Human Body/Medicine