1. Socialism, Capitalism and African Politics
PIA 2574

2. Focus on Tanzania
Independence for Tanganyika

3. Socialism- One View

4. Socialism in Africa At Issue: new look at development strategy?
the role that ideology has played in effecting performance of state
(Anti-Socialism a self-ascribed ideology)

5. Non-socialist Ideologies

6. The Socialist Framework
Dependency as an alternative form of analysis to Modernization
Socialist Assumptions (Redistribution, autarky and collective ownership)
Influence of socialist ideas since 1965
in Africa

7. The first assumption is that it is the duty of the community to insure its individual members against individual misfortune.
The second is that, just as the carrying capacity of a bridge is measured by the strength of its weakest support, so the quality of a society should be measured by the quality of life of its weakest members

9. Tanzania’s Ujamaa Policy
President Julius Nyerere
Arusha Declaration: 1967: Socialist Declaration- Control Commanding Heights
Collectivism and Self-Reliance
An approach to agricultural class formation

10. Tanzania Socialism

11. Arusha Declaration Celebration 1971 (Photo taken by L .A. Picard)

12. Tanzania in the 1960s-Voluntary Collective Farms
Goal: create villages from small family households
Self-sustaining economic units of families (Integrated Rural Development)
Primary target- the subsistence farmer
1968- official policy but voluntary
Issue: Forced Settlements

13. Villagization- Up to 5000 people

14. 1970s Goal: Prevention of a rural proletariat
1970- Few villages established
Government Spending only on “ujamaa villages”
Popular Response- poorest areas of the country marginal farming/pastoral areas

16. Targets the wealthier areas and the rich farmers “Kulaks”
After 1973
Targets the wealthier areas and the rich farmers
“Kulaks”

17. Russian Kulaks

18. 1975 Forced Collectivization and Collapse of Policy
“Villages” of more than 5,000 people- no services

19. Problems with Ujamaa
Tanzaphilia- “Socialism and the Field Administrator”
Shift from voluntary to compulsory: “Burning Houses”
Shift from goal of local level decision-making and village autonomy to centralized decision-making and standardized policies

20. “What is Tanzaphilia. It is neither a disease nor an exotic flower
“What is Tanzaphilia? It is neither a disease nor an exotic flower. It is a political romantic spell: the kind experienced by Western Marxists”
Ali Mazrui

21. Problems: Collectivization Forced, use of state violence
Villages became very large: people or more (Resembled State Farms)
Target: Universal villagization by the end of 1976
Resistance from Wealthy Farmers
Result: Food Shortages

22. Zimbabwe Supermarket c. 2004

23. Government Reaction Withdrawal from World System
Drought, Agricultural Mismanagement
Agricultural Collapse
1983- Tanzania Moves Towards Policy Reform
Membership in the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Group (HIPC)

24. HIPIC Africa

25. SAPS- Increase Capital Flows and Exports, decrease health and education. Food costs increase.

26. Regime Types in Africa (Crawford Young)
1. African (Socialist) and mixed Economy regimes: pragmatism or African capitalism (Kenya and Senegal in 1960s, South Africa after 1994)
2. Socialist- Populist
(Tanzania, Zambia,
Mozambique in 1970s)

27. African Regimes
3. Afro-Marxist or Leninist Vanguard regimes (Angola, Benin 1980s)
4. Marxist-Leninist- (Ethiopia under Dergue)
5.Post-Structural Adjustment Regimes Mozambique, Uganda and Ghana (1990s)

28. Lenin in Addis, 1992 REDEUX

29. Attractiveness of an ideology
Impact of Policy on development in the 1980s
Will effect rule making and resource allocation
Ideology does make a difference

30. Attractiveness of an ideology
There is little internal slack or decision-making authority
A choice that can be made (in terms of dependency) that can be made internally
Thus Socialist Policies could be tested
Result: Some social development, economic decline

31. Evaluation criteria-
Socialism ( )

32. Growth
Growth is still important- though socialism downplayed mineral induced growth and tourism
Entrepreneurialism and cost benefit analysis downplayed
Focus is on peasant based subsistence agriculture rather than export commercial agriculture

33. Subsistence Agriculture
Gender Roles Issue

34. Result
Import Substitution, Economic decline, inflation and decline of food production

35. Import Substitution Products in Oman

36. Equity or distribution: Effects
Effect of taxation- especially indirect tax mechanisms (extractive)
Pricing policies deflate income for agricultural commodities
Relocation of rural resources to urban areas
Wage control policies (no strike clauses)

37. Debates about Urban Bias

38. Autonomy and self-reliance-
Delinkage from the international economy (Autarky)
Increased debt burden, continued use of expatriate personnel as planners (often sympathetic)
Exploitation of natural resources and foreign exchange outflow

39. Autarky?

40. Exploitation of Human Rights
Goal- human dignity
Reality of repression- movement of peoples
Economic and political refugees
Increased size of security forces

41. Human Security Issues: HOW DOES ONE DEFINE IT? DISUSSION

42. Development capacity: Goals and Results
Ability to plan and manage state resources and stimulate economic behavior change
Expansion of the social capacity of the state
The African disaster- Tyrants, corruption and Skimmed public resources?
The Context of the Cold War.

43. AFRICAN CAPITALISTS Jeanne Kirkpatrick, former Reagan U.N. Ambassador
She is said to have stated, Mobutu “may be a Son of a Bitch but he is our Son of a Bitch”

44. RADI-Aid SOCIALISM- LINKED TO FOREIGN AID?
Africa for Norway

45. DISCUSSION OF READINGS
NADINE GORDIMER, ”WHERE DO WHITES FIT IN?” AND “TOWN AND COUNTRY LOVERS”
RICHARD RIVE, “NO ROOM IN SOLIDTAIRE” AND “STRIKE”
PATRICK KEATELY, “POLITICS OF PARTNERSHIP”
BERGNER, “IN THE LAND OF MAGIC SOLDIERS”

46. Why has it Failed? Or Has it?
Socialism
Why has it Failed?
Or Has it?