1. The Protestant Reformation

2. Origins of the Reformation
Began in Germany due to the lack of a strong central government
Included 365 independent states
Weak emperor COULD NOT control independent ideas about religion within the GR states

3. Martin Luther German monk Started Reformation
Believed in Justification by Faith:
A person could be made just, or good, simply by having faith in God’s mercy and love

4. The Sale of Indulgences
Pope Leo X and indulgences
Indulgences:
Certificates issued by the Church

5. The Sale of Indulgences
Were said to reduce or even cancel punishment for a person’s sins
Applied to already dead relatives as well

6. The Sale of Indulgences
“Once you hear the money’s ring, the soul from purgatory is free to spring…”
Purgatory:
Location in the afterlife where people are made fit for heaven

7. The Sale of Indulgences
John Tetzel:
German church agent that sold indulgences
Promised peasants that indulgences would relieve them of guilt for future sins

8. Luther’s Protest 95 Theses: Criticized the sale of indulgences
Nailed the 95 Theses to the Wittenberg Church
Spread throughout Germany

10. The Backlash In 1521 the Pope EXCOMMUNICATED Luther Diet of Worms:
Tried to get Luther to retract his criticisms of the Church

11. The Backlash
“I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not retract anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscious. I cannot do otherwise, here I stand, may God help me. Amen” Martin Luther

12. The Backlash Luther refused to retract his statements
Condemned as a heretic
Went into hiding; translated the Bible into German; created a new religion - Lutheranism

14. The Spread of Protestantism

15. John Calvin CALVINISM:
Argued that God determines the fate of every person before birth; PREDESTINATION
Those predestined were called “the elect”

16. John Knox PRESBYTERIANISM: Leader of Reformation in SCOT
Based on Calvin’s teachings
Presbytery: a group of decision makers within the church
“Priesthood of all believers”

17. Henry VIII
Henry wanted to divorce his wife for not producing a male heir to the throne

18. Henry VIII Catholic Church forbade divorce
Refused to dissolve Henry’s marriage

19. Henry VIII
Henry – MAD!
Withdrew GB from the Catholic Church & created a new church with the Act of Supremacy
Parliament created the Anglican Church with the king as its head