1. ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG CLASSES
4th Year Pharmacy

2. PHENOTHIAZINE DERIVATIVES
The first-used class of efficacious antipsychotic agents – Chlorpromazine, the prototypical
member of this class, was first used to treat mental disease in 1951.
• Nonselective DA-receptor antagonists; also act at other neurotransmitter receptors giving rise
to significant AR profiles

3. Structural Properties of phenothiazines
phenothiazine or bioisosteric heterocycle
• a connector alkyl (side) chain terminated by
• an aliphatic 3 o-amine function

4. The most important types of psychosis are:
Schizophrenia
Affective disorders (e.g. depression mania)
Organic psychoses (mental disturbances caused by head injury or alcoholism ……..

5. Neuroleptic Definition
What is a “neuroleptic”?
Neuroleptic compounds are CNS depressants that do not generally cause a loss of consciousness by themselves. The can produce a state of “artificial hibernation” by themselves and in combination with anesthetics. This indicates that the patient can be aroused from this state, differentiating it from anesthesia.
Neuroleptics potentiate the action of anesthetics, and this action is a defining factor. These effects are usually thought due directly to activity at D2 receptors.
Reserpine is also an antipsychotic due to its effects on dopamine levels, but it is non-selective with many side effects.

6. Properties of Neuroleptic Antipsychotics.
Modest sedative activity
Low potential for lethality
Low abuse potential, non-euphoric
Motor Inhibition
Anti-emetic due to dopamine antagonism of the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ).
Diminish conditioned responses, but not unconditioned.
Conditioned: Spontaneous movement and complex behaviors. Conditioned avoidance. The bell, but not the shock.
Unconditioned: Spinal reflexes, nociceptive avoidance behaviors remain intact. The shock.
Emotional responses are reduced.

7. Classification Rauwolfia alkaloids and synthetic analogues
Phenothiazine and thioxanthene derivatives
Butyrophenones
Diphenylmethane derivatives
Diphenylbutylpiperidines
Miscellaneous (benzamide derivatives and tricyclic heterocyclic analogues)

8. Rauwolfia alkaloids and synthetic analogues
It had drastic psychological side effects and has been replaced as a first line antihypertensive drug 

9. Phenothiazines derivatives
(1) Propyl dialkylamino side chain
(2) Propyl piperazine side chain
(3) Alkyl piperidyl side chain

10. Phenothiazines Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride ( Thorazine )
Propyl dialkylamino side chain
Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride ( Thorazine )
2-chloro-10-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] phenothiazine

11. 10-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]phenothiazine monohydrochloride
Phenothiazines
Propyl dialkylamino side chain
Promazine Hydrochloride
10-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]phenothiazine monohydrochloride

12. Phenothiazines Prochlorperazine maleate
Propyl piperazine side chain
Prochlorperazine maleate
2-chloro-10-[3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propyl]phenothiazine

13. Synthesis of phenothiazinesΔ
+ S

14. Antipsychotics Phenothiazines derivatives
Structure-Activity Relationship
The neuroleptic activity of phenothiazines may be affected by the following:
Nature of the chain in position 10
The amino group
2-substituent

15. Replacement of H in position 2
Substitution at position 3
Substitution at position 1
Three carbon chain…
Branching with larger groups..
Replacement of terminal alkyl amino group

16. Structure-Activity Relationship
(a) Alkyl Side Chain
Maximum potency for antipsychotic activity when the nitrogen of the phenothiazine ring and the more basic side chain nitrogen is connected by a THREE-CARBONS side chain.
Branching at the β-position of the side chain with a small methyl group / produces decreasing activity. This is perhaps due to……..
β-substitution with larger group causes loss of activity.
Bridging of position 3 of the side chain to position 1 the phenothiazine significantly reduces neuroleptic activity. 1

17. (b) Basic Amino Group
Maximum neuroleptic potency is observed in aminoalkylated phenothiazines having a tertiary amino group.
In general, alkylation of the basic amino group with groups larger than methyl decreases the neuroleptic potency. The diethylamine analogue is less potent than chlorpromazine.
the piperidinyl derivatives are less potent than the corresponding dimethylamine derivatives.
The substitution of position 4 of the piperazinyl or piperidinyl propyl substituted phenothiazines has been varied. Hydroxy ethyl substitution enhances potency and the acetoxyethyl derivative is even more potent. The activity decreases from N-methyl to N-propyl substitution.
Quaternization of the terminal nitrogen result inn loss of activity due to inability of these polar compounds to cross the BBB.

18. 1-Azaphenothiazine (Prothiopendyl)
(c) Phenothiazine Ring Substituent
(2-position)
Potency increase in the following order of position of ring substitution : < 4 < 3 < 2.
2- substitution of the phenothiazine nucleus increases in neuroleptic potency in the following order: OH < H < CH3 < nC3H7CO < C2H5CO < CH3CO < Cl < SCH3 < CF3.
Oxidation of the 5 sulphur of antipsychotic phenothiazine decreases activity.
1, 2, 3, 4-Aza-phenothiazine are more effective agents. The 1-Aza analogue of promazine is more potent than the parent compound.
1-Azaphenothiazine (Prothiopendyl)

19. Thioxanthene Antipsychotics.
SAR
Cis double bond compounds are much more active than trans. Double bond reduction reduces activity.
Other SAR is the same as for the phenothiazines
Chlorprothixene (Taractan) - 1x chlorpromazine
R = (CH2)2N(CH3)2 X = Cl
Thiothixene (Navane) - 10x chlorpromazine

20. Thioxanthenes derived by isosteric replacement of one atom in the structure of phenothiazine . The compounds possess may clinical useful pharmacologic properties in common with phenothiazines.
They are indicated for the management of the manifestation of acute and chronic schizophrenia.

21. Thiothixene (Navane) Thioxanthene Derivatives
2-N,N-dimethyl-9-[3-(4-methyl-1-piprazinyl)propylene]thioxanthene- 2-sulfonamide .

22. Butyrophenone SAR
For highest potency, X is always F. –OCH3 has the lowest potency.
This tells you that an electron withdrawing group, not electron donating is optimal.
Shortening, lengthening, or branching of the propyl chain decreases potency
Replacing the keto oxygen with S, carbon, OH decreases potency
A 3° N is necessary, analogous to phenothiazines
Y is usually C with two R groups, but may be N.
For example piperazine instead of piperdine.
Examples:
Haloperidol: This is the prototype for this class. One variation is to esterify the OH with decanoic acid to increase the duration.
Droperidol (Inapsine): Strong sedative. In combination with Fentanyl (an analgesic) is given as a preanesthetic sedative (Innovar). Droperidol is also antiemetic which is important.
Trifluperiodol: Similar to Haloperidol

23. Dibenzazepines
1) Dibenzoxazepine (X=O)
(Loxapine)
2) Dibenzodiazepine (X=NH)
(Clozapine)
3) Dibenzothiazepine (X=S)
(Quetiapine)
4) Thienobenzodiazepine
(X=NH)

24. Benzisoxazoles
< Risperidone

25. Ⅰ. Mood-stabilizing: lithium carbonate Li2CO3 Mania
Adverse effects:
Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Tremor.
Renal effect: polyuria (with resulting thirst)
Various neurological effects, progressing from confusion and motor impairment , to coma, convulsion and death.
♫ narrow therapeutic limit for the plasma means the monitoring is essential.