1. Agenda
To Get:
To Do:

2. Opener
Explain the Visual Cliff Experiment

3. Social Development
Ways in which infants / children learn to relate to other people
Infants play by themselves; as they grow they begin to play with others

4. Attachment Emotional ties with others Keeps people together
Essential for infant survival
Development of Attachment
Infants prefer being held or around ANYONE
By 4 months specific attachment with care givers form esp. Mothers, grows strongest by 6-7 months
By 8 months stranger anxiety develops; most notable if touched by strangers
Separation anxiety also develops at this time; crying and behavior changes when primary care giver leaves

5. Attachment cont’ Contact Comfort
Instinctual need to touch and be touched by something soft, such as skin or fur
Animal studies suggest this is more important than the need for food
Provides a secure basis of comfort for infants to explore the world around them
Harlow’s Study

6. Attachment cont’ Imprinting
Instinctual attachment – develops in a critical period following birth
Animals imprint on the first moving object they see
Konrad Lorenz did this experiment with geese, and they followed him around, ALL THE TIME!
Humans have no known critical period, as evidenced in adopted children attached to adoptive parents long after infancy.

7. Attachment cont’ Secure Attachment Insecure Attachment
Occurs when mothers or other primary caregivers are affectionate and reliable
Typically mature as secure children: happy, friendlier, and more cooperative with parents and teachers.
Insecure Attachment
Occurs when caregivers are unresponsive or unreliable
Tend to misbehave more often
Do not do as well in school

8. Styles of Parenting
Differing dimensions that can be combined, most parents tend to be in the center of all four.
Warmth-Coldness
Warm parents show lots of affection
Cold parents do not show affection or seem to enjoy their children
Children of warm parents are more likely to develop a greater sense of moral goodness and a sense of responsibility when they do wrong
Children of cold parents are usually more interested in escaping punishment rather than doing the right thing

9. Styles of Parenting Strictness-Permissiveness
Strict parents impose many rules and supervise children closely
Can’t stand messy environment
Worry kids are having a negative impact on others
Permissive parents impose fewer rules and watch children less closely
Less concerned about neatness
Feel children need freedom to learn and express themselves to become independent
May be unclear of expectations at times
Overall, research suggests that consistent and firm enforcement of rules fosters achievement and self- control, esp. when combined with warmth.
Conversely, physical punishment or constant interference may lead to disobedience and poor grades in school.
(some states still allow corporal punishment?!)

10. What are the combinations below?

11. What are the combinations below?
CS CP WS WP

12. Styles of Parenting Authoritative Authoritarian Neglectful Permissive
“authority”
Warmth with positive strictness
Authoritarian
Obedience for its own sake
“because I said so, that’s why!”
Neglectful
Cold and unresponsive
No rules
Indifferent
uninvolved
Permissive
Few or no rules
Lenient
Indulgent
Warm and responsive

13. Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive Neglectful

15. Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive Neglectful

17. Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive Neglectful

19. Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive Neglectful

21. Parenting Style Identification… ID and Explain WHY
That 70’s Show
Willy Wonka
Combo – Brave, Mean Girls, Harry Potter, and Lion King

22. Child Abuse and Neglect (Good Will Hunting)
Widespread
Can be physical OR psychological
Estimated at over 3 million kids per year are abused in the United States
Most goes unreported
Rarely do kids report to authorities
Parents tend to protect each other’s abusive behavior
Tends to be generational as many parenting styles/techniques are passed from parent to child
Abused children are at a higher risk for developing psychological problems, are unsure of themselves and less likely to explore the world around them
Future problems could be anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, weak friendships (trust) and aggressive behavior

23. Child Abuse and Neglect
What are the causes?
Stress, particularly the stresses caused by unemployment and poverty
History of child abuse from parents
Acceptance of violence as a means of coping with stress
Lack of attachement to a child
Substance abuse
Rigid attitudes about child rearing

24. Self-Esteem Begins early in childhood
The value or worth people attach to themselves
Protects people against stresses and struggles of life
Influences on Self-Esteem
Secure attachment
Close to parents via love and involvement
Parents teach/expect appropriate behavior
Unconditional Positive Regard
Parents love and accept children for who they are – regardless of behavior; “you did wrong, but I still love you.”
Conditional Positive Regard
Parents only show love when children behave in acceptable ways
Tend to only be happy when pleasing others = low self-esteem
By 4 years, competence can increase self-esteem, “I am good at…)

25. Self-Esteem cont’ Gender and Self-Esteem Age and Self-Esteem
By age 5-7 children value themselves based on physical appearance and performance in school
Cultural Self-fulfilling prophecies?
Girls tend to be better at reading and general academics
Boys tend to be better at math and physical skills
Age and Self-Esteem
Competency increased with age/development
However, self-esteem drops in the pre-teen years as children begin to compare themselves to others
Others may not see them as they see themselves – the AWKWARD stage

26. Guess the Celebrity!
On the following slides there are five well-known celebrities.
They had awkward preteen years…
See if you can identify them before seeing who they are.

45. Scenarios… You will be assigned a parenting style and a scenario.
Your job is to decide how you would react based on the parenting style you have been assigned.