1. Saturday, November 24, 2018
Scientific Reasoning
Packet # 3

2. Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning
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Hypothesis is developed
Predictions are deduced from the hypothesis
Therefore, hypothetico-reasoning deals with when the experimenter makes a prediction about the outcome of an experiment

3. Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning II
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Includes
Critical thinking
Deductive reasoning
Logical reasoning
Inductive reasoning

4. Critical Thinking
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In science, nothing is accepted as fact unless it is experimentally demonstrable
A fact/theory can be shown through an experiment

5. Deductive Reasoning Deduce (Definition) Based on the if…then logic
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Deduce (Definition)
Infer a specific principle from a general principle
Based on the if…then logic
Deduce a prediction through logical reasoning.
Logical reasoning uses known facts, general principles, to form a prediction/conclusion.

6. Logical Reasoning Science of correct reasoning
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Science of correct reasoning
Science which describes relationships among prepositions (proposals) in terms of implication.
Shows connections/contradictions
Predicts how “things” work, or are put, together

7. Deductive Reasoning Examples
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Example #1
General principle #1
Socrates is a man
General principle #2
All men are mortal
Deduced Prediction/Conclusion
Socrates is mortal
Example #2
A cardinal is a bird
All birds have wings
Cardinals have winds

8. Invalid Deductive Reasoning Example
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Example #1
General principle #1
Every criminal opposes government
General principle #2
Everyone in the opposition party opposes government
Deduced Prediction/Conclusion
Everyone in the opposition party is a criminal
Example is invalid because the two principles fail to establish commonality between members of the opposition party and being a criminal

9. Inductive Reasoning
Saturday, November 24, 2018Saturday, November 24, 2018
Using specific facts to induce a general principle.

10. Inductive Reasoning Examples
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Example #1
Specific fact #1
Ice is cold
Specific fact #2
All ice is cold
Induced general principle
There is no ice on the sun
Example #2
A billiard ball moves when struck with a cue
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Anything struck with a cue moves

11. Inductive Reasoning Examples
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Example #3
Specific fact #1
Objects fall to the ground
Specific fact #2
Gravity is a force
Induced general principle
A force acts on an object when it falls to the ground