2. Warm Up – Visual Analysis
What process is occurring? How does this process happen? Use the terms DNA, RNA, and ribosomes in your response.

3. RNA carries the genetic code to ribosomes
RNA carries the genetic code to ribosomes. The ribosomes then synthesize proteins.

4. Agenda
Focus: How do mutations impact us? How has genetic engineering affected mankind?
Learning Target: I can analyze the effects of mutations and genetic engineering and evaluate associated consequences
Tasks: Warm Up (5-10 mins)
Introduction to mutations and GE (15 mins)
Review of Mutations Lab & Introduction to Genetic Engineering Project (20 mins)
Closure & Next Steps (5 mins)

5. I. All cells in the body contain the same genes
I. All cells in the body contain the same genes. Only some of these genes are turned on, that is, your eye cells contain the instructions on how to make bones, but only the genes to make new eye cells are actually turned on. We do not yet know exactly why this happens.

6. Turn and Talk
Can the environment affect the expression of genes? If you believe it can, what are some instances you can think of? How is the organism affected?

7. Environment Affecting Gene Expression
While genes determine our traits, the environment can affect expression of genes.
A gene codes for a protein and the protein does its “job”.
GENE EXPRESSION CAN BE MODIFIED BY THE ENVIRONMENT BECAUSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CAN TURN GENES ON AND OFF.
Skin color
CERTAIN CANCERS
Weight
HEIGHT
This is due to an ancestral trait; the Himalayan Rabbits carry “temperature sensitive tyrosinase genes” which controls fur pigmentation. The rabbit’s ancestors, which would have had to survive in the cold Himalayan environment would have, through natural selection, favored a gene that allows for a darker pigmentation. Through evolution the Himalayan Rabbit passed down the genotype for a melanin producing gene, which activates in low temperatures, changing the individual rabbit’s phenotype to fit the climate.

8. Two reasons for genetic variation are:
When the genetic code is mutated, the protein is altered and the trait is changed permanently.
The expression of the trait can be altered based on exposure to various environmental conditions.

9. Changes in DNA that affect genetic information
MUTATIONS
Changes in DNA that affect genetic information

10. Significance of Mutations
Most are neutral
Birth marks
Some are harmful
Sickle Cell
Down Syndrome
Some are beneficial
Sickle Cell Anemia to Malaria
Immunity to HIV

11. What Causes Mutations?
There are two ways in which DNA can become mutated:
Mutations can be inherited.
Parent to child
Mutations can be acquired.
Environmental damage
Mistakes when DNA is copied

12. Gene Mutations Point Mutations – changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT

13. Gene Mutations
Frameshift Mutations – shifts the reading frame of the genetic message so that the protein may not be able to perform its function.
Insertion
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
THE FAT HCA TAT ETH ERA T
Deletion
TEF ATC ATA TET GER AT H H

14. Deletion
A part of the chromosome is missing

15. Addition/Insertion
A segment breaks off of one chromosome and reattaches to the pair. The result is duplication of genes on the same chromosome.

16. Turn and Talk
Determine if the following are insertion, deletion, or substitution.
ABCDEFG  ABCEFG
ABCDEFG  ABCDEFGXZ
ABCDEFG  ABCDZFG

17. Karyotype – picture of chromosomes- Humans have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs

19. Point Mutation Example
Sickle Cell Anemia – Mutation that causes RBC’s to have a sickle shape
RBC’s are also destroyed at an increased rate.

20. Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
XXY, XXYY, XXXY
Male
Sterility
Small testicles
Breast enlargement

22. Some mutations even make it on SNL!

23. J. Selective breeding produces animals and plants with desired traits (disease resistance, larger fruit, more meat or milk, specific colors).

24. K. Genetic engineering or gene splicing inserts genes of one organism into the genes of another. Enzymes are used to cut and copy the DNA segments. Bacteria are often used because they have no nucleus protecting their DNA and they reproduce very quickly, allowing large amounts of medicine (insulin) to be made.

25. a. The example of gene splicing: The gene to make human insulin was inserted into bacteria. These bacteria can now make insulin that is exactly the same as human insulin. This insulin is used by diabetics. This is safer than the cow and sheep insulin that were used in the past.