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Hot Quarks 2004 - Taos, NM, USA.

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Presentation on theme: "Hot Quarks 2004 - Taos, NM, USA."— Presentation transcript:

1 Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

2 High pT Spectra and RAA: What have we learned and where do we go next?
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory High pT Spectra and RAA: What have we learned and where do we go next? Jennifer Klay Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ? High pT Particle production in p+p/A+A Quantifying nuclear effects – RAA/RCP Initial vs final state nuclear effects Pseudorapidity/√sNN dependence What have we learned?/Summary Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

3 Fundamental Goal of High pT Studies
hadrons q ? To understand partonic interactions within a dense colored medium Gyulassy, Levai, Vitev Baier, Dokshitzer, Mueller, Schiff Established theoretical framework connects partonic energy loss to fundamental properties of the medium – gluon density, system size Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

4 High pT Particle Production
Fragmentation Function hadrons leading particle Jet: A localized collection of hadrons which come from a fragmenting parton c a Hard-scattering cross-section Parton Distribution Functions Parton Distribution Functions Hard-scattering cross-section Fragmentation Function b d High pT (> 2.0 GeV/c) hadron production in pp collisions for √s > 60 Gev: ~ Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA “Collinear factorization”

5 How do they do? Barnafoldi, Levai, Papp, Fai and Zhang, nucl-th/ X.N. Wang, PRC 61 (2000) Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

6 High pT Particle Production in A+A
(pQCD context…) Parton Distribution Functions Intrinsic kT , Cronin Effect Shadowing, EMC Effect Fragmentation Function leading particle suppressed c d hadrons a b Hard-scattering cross-section Partonic Energy Loss Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

7 Modified PDFs: “Shadowing”
Parton distributions in nuclei are different from those in nucleons (e.g., “EMC effect”)  shadowing and anti-shadowing A=200 Shadowing ~ suppression of the structure functions vs. x in nuclei compared to free nucleons Emel’yanov, Khodinov, Klein, & Vogt, PRC 61 (2000) Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

8 Initial State Multiple Scattering: “Cronin Effect”
p+A collisions: Experimental observation: Partons can undergo soft scatters prior to the hard collision  spreads the spectrum out in pT pT RAB 1 ~2-4 GeV/c A p Theoretical explanation: Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

9 Binary collision scaling
Partonic Energy Loss hadrons q ? Energy loss  softening of fragmentation  suppression of leading hadron yield Binary collision scaling p+p reference X.N. Wang, PRC 61 (2000) Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

10 Nuclear Modification Factor RAA/RCP
Quantify deviations from expected behaviour in p+p collisions: <Nbinary>/inelp+p (Nuclear Geometry) If no “effects”: R < 1 in regime of soft physics R = 1 at high-pT where hard scattering dominates  A+B = A*B(p+p) Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

11 High pT Hadron Spectra at RHIC: The Raw Materials
Particle species… h±, π0, Λ, K0s, p,… Multiple energies… 62.4, 130, 200 GeV Multiple beams… p+p, d+Au, Au+Au Large phase space coverage… Midrapidity/Forward More to come… Cu+Cu/Si+Si, Higher Statistics… Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

12 PHENIX Au+Au 130 GeV PRL 88 (2002) 022301 PLB 561 (2003) 82-92
Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

13 The First Big RHIC Result
Au+Au Collisions at 130 GeV PHENIX, PRL 88, (2001) PHENIX **Parameterized reference based on world’s data (no p+p at 130 GeV) Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

14 Reference Spectrum for 130 GeV
UA1 Measured at 200 GeV for || < 2.5 Reference spectrum at 130 GeV is an interpolation of many data sets over a wide range of s Power Law Parameters: 200 GeV A = 310±18, p0 = 1.77±0.09, n = 12.08±0.37 130 GeV A =267±6, p0 =1.90±0.09, n = 12.98±0.9 Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

15 Much bigger data sample
STAR p+p and Au+Au 200 GeV PRL 91 (2003) Eh, what’s a few more GeV/c, give or take? Much bigger data sample Reference spectrum measured at RHIC Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

16 RAA at 200 GeV STAR RAA and RCP at 200 GeV
PRL 91 (2003) A few more GeV/c reveals a new feature for h±: RAA/RCP are ~flat for pT > 6 GeV/c Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

17 PHENIX High pT π0 Suppression
PRL 91, (2003) π0 are pretty much always flat  Particle dependence at intermediate pT is INTERESTING! √sNN = 200 GeV Binary scaling Participant scaling Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

18 Baryons vs. Mesons PRC 69, (2004) PRL 92 (2004) PRC 69, (2004) Significant proton-pion and lambda-kaon differences, but the “baryon enhancement” ends by pT ~ 5-6 GeV/c Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

19 Establishing suppression as a final state effect
Initial state? gluon saturation at low xBjorken strong modification of Au wavefunction  initial jet production rates suppressed for heavy nuclei Final state? partonic energy loss in dense medium generated in collision Turn off final state  d+Au collisions! Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

20 d+Au inclusive yields relative to binary-scaled p+p
PRL 91, (2004) d+Au  Enhancement Au+Au  Suppression Suppression of the inclusive yield in central Au+Au is a final-state effect Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

21 The Second Big RHIC Result
Phys Rev Lett 91, 072302/3/4/5 Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

22 Baryon Enhancement a final state effect too!
nucl-ex/ PHENIX Central Au+Au STAR d+Au STAR p+p proton/charged hadron consistent in d+Au, p+p, e+e- (gluon jets) baryon enhancement in central Au+Au is final state effect Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

23 What have we learned so far?
We understand our reference data** **when we measure them There’s more going on at Intermediate pT than we expected We see significant suppression of yields at high pT in Au+Au and enhancement in d+Au  final state effects Is it partonic or hadronic? What is the eta/√sNN dependence? Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

24 Final state hadronic rescattering?
Gallmeister, Greiner and Xu, PRC 67, For 5 < ET < 12 GeV/c, <L/> decreases substantially <L/> = 1 <L/> = 2 <L/> = 3  Cannot describe flat RAA Can reproduce the shape, but requires ~75% of the energy loss in partonic phase with ~25% from “pre-hadron” re-scattering Ferreiro, Capella, Kaidalov, Sousa: JetQuenching + JetAbsorption hep-ph/ Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

25 BRAHMS d+Au and Au+Au 200 GeV
d+Au: nucl-ex/ Au+Au: PRL 91, (2003) η=0 η=1 η=2.2 η=3.2 η=0 η=2.2 RdAu RAA (0-10%) RAA RCP(dAu) (40-60%) RCP RCP( GeV/c) No strong eta dependence in Au+Au Could CGC dynamics govern forward rapidity in d+Au? Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

26 Where does suppression start?
Primary motivation for running Au+Au at 62.4 GeV X.N. Wang, nucl-th/ ? Is there a transition from enhancement to suppression? Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

27 Important Aside: Reference Matters…
At the SPS (√s = 20 GeV) no good p+p->π0/h reference… D. d’Enterria, nucl-ex/ Vitev-Gyulassy Energy loss with dNglue/dy = * * Compared to dNglue/dy = in PRL (2002) Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

28 Where does suppression start?
X.N. Wang, nucl-th/ ? Revised expectations? Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

29 Reference Spectrum at 62.4 GeV: ISR Results
Compiled References: π0, h± +/-25% uncertainty Reasonable agreement (within ~30% norm. uncertainties) among h+/- parametrizations Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

30 PHOBOS Au+Au 62.4 GeV Once again, there is action at intermediate pT nucl-ex/ Exciting results (first to be submitted), but what about higher pT? Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

31 ISR Reference Compilation
STAR Au+Au 62.4 GeV ISR ISR Reference Compilation Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

32 Splitting at intermediate pT but ~convergence above ~6 GeV
STAR RAA at 62 GeV Splitting at intermediate pT but ~convergence above ~6 GeV Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

33 STAR RCP  Central/Peripheral
Moderate splitting at intermediate pT but ~convergence above ~6 GeV Not corrected for weak decay feeddown yet… Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

34 Summary I We have a very comprehensive set of data from RHIC that will keep growing From p+p: We have good agreement with NLO pQCD – an established baseline Good reference spectra are essential for understanding A+B collisions From d+Au: Consistency with Cronin effects seen at lower energies (enhancement) Suggestions of possible CGC dynamics at forward rapidity (BRAHMS) No initial state suppression observed (No CGC at mid-rapidity high-pT at RHIC) Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

35 Summary II From Au+Au: High pT Suppression is large and due to final state effects Consistent with Jet Quenching via partonic energy loss with initial gluon densities of order dNg/dy ~ 1000 Interesting production mechanisms at work at intermediate pT ~ 2-6 GeV/c Coalescence/recombination models are promising explanation Precision Identified particle measurements extremely important Energy independence of suppression for √s = 62 – 200 GeV? Experiment  Theory feedback driving exciting progress in the field RHIC Physics IS exciting: 2 PRL Covers, (both featuring results on high pT spectra) Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

36 Longer term (~3-5 years):
What’s on the horizon? Si+Si/Cu+Cu ? Smaller uncertainties in geometric scaling (central Si+Si/Cu+Cu vs. peripheral Au+Au) Short term (~1 year): X 2000 LHC Longer term (~3-5 years): REALLY high pT: High statistics Run IV Au+Au  PID’ed spectra PHENIX/STAR π0: pT ~ 20 GeV/c…? STAR Λ/K0s, STAR/PHENIX π/k/p: pT ~ 10 GeV/c…? Well into the fragmentation regime… Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

37 Fin The Next Big RHIC Result! Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

38 Parton distribution functions
NLO Global fits to data Many different flavors… MRST, GRV LO, CTEQ4M,5M,6 etc… Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

39 Fragmentation Functions
Kniehl, Kramer, Potter, Nucl. Phys. B 597, 337 (2001) Kniehl, Kramer, Potter, Nucl. Phys. B 582, 514 (2000) Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

40 Nuclear Collision Geometry
x z y Non-central Collisions Reaction plane (Large impact parameter) Glauber Model Calculation: Binary Collisions Participants b (fm) Npart, Nbinary Au+Au Number of participants: number of incoming nucleons (participants) in the overlap region Number of binary collisions: number of inelastic nucleon-nucleon collisions Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

41 **Parameterized reference based on world’s data (no p+p at 130 GeV)
STAR Au+Au 130 GeV **Parameterized reference based on world’s data (no p+p at 130 GeV) Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

42 Recombination/Coalescence Models
Recombination + Fragmentation: Fries, Muller, Nonaka, Bass, PRC 68 (2003) ; PRL 90 (2003) Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

43 Energy dependence Steeper spectra at SPS  Larger impact of Cronin effect I. Vitev and M. Gyulassy, Phys.Rev.Lett. 89 (2002) Between SPS and RHIC: Factor ~2 in εBj and factor ~2 in dNglue/dy dNglue/dy = D. d’Enterria, nucl-ex/ Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

44 STAR RAA at 62.4 GeV Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

45 Why the big eta difference?
Small eta / Large eta Not corrected for weak decay feeddown yet… Doh! The reference matters… How about RCP? Hot Quarks Taos, NM, USA

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