1. Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion and Stress
WHS AP Psychology
Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion and Stress
Essential Task 8-3: Essential Task:  Identify and apply basic motivational concepts to understand behavior with specific attention to instincts for animals, biological factors like needs, drives, and homeostasis, and operant conditioning factors like incentives, and intrinsic versus extrinsic motivators.
Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B= Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184
Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory
Motivation & Emotion
Stress
Sources
Measures
Theories
Effects
Coping
Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Drive Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Intrinsic/
Extrinsic Motivation
Human Drives
Theories of Emotion
James-Lange
Cognitive Appraisal
Schachter two-factor
Cannon-Bard
Opponent Process
We are here
Explain complex motives (eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

3. Essential Task 8-3: Basic motivational concepts to understand behavior
Outline
Basic motivational concepts to understand behavior
Instincts for animals
Biological factors like 
Drives (Primary vs. Secondary)
Homeostasis
Operant conditioning factors
Incentives
intrinsic motivators
Extrinsic motivators

4. Motives vs. Emotions Motive Emotion
Specific need or desire, such as hunger, thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal-directed behavior
a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal.
Emotion
Feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior

5. Instincts for animals NOT humans.
Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout the species and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951).
Outline

6. Humans don’t have instincts
A Meta-analysis during the height of this craze found 5759 ‘instincts’
However it fell out of favor in psychology
Most important human behavior is learned
Human behavior is rarely inflexible and found throughout the species
Humans have reflexes but not instincts.

7. Biological Drives (Primary Drives)
Unlearned drive based on a physiological state found in all animals
Motivate behavior necessary for survival
Hypothalamus
Hunger
Thirst
Sex
Evolutionary biology talks about the four Fs (fighting, fleeing, feeding and reproducing).

8. Homeostasis – explains why we stop fulfilling biological drives.
The ability or tendency of an organism to maintain internal equilibrium or balance.
A state of psychological equilibrium obtained when tension or a drive has been reduced or eliminated.

9. Secondary Drives – not biologically dictated
Learned drives
Wealth
Success
Fame

10. V. Operant Conditioning Factors
Incentives – environmental cues that trigger a motive.
When a stimulus creates goal-directed behavior

11. Intrinsic Motivators
Refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from any external or outside rewards, such as money or grades.
It is stronger than external motivation
I get satisfaction from working with students. It makes me happy to see you succeed.

12. Extrinsic Motivators
Refers to motivation that comes from external or outside rewards, such as money or grades.

13. Social Conflict Situations
Conflict – torn in different directions by opposing motives that block you from attaining a goal
Approach-Approach Conflict – involves two positive options, only one of which you can have.
Approach-Avoidance Conflict – involves both a positive and negative consequences.
You saved up for a car! But you cant seem to decide if you want to get a … or …
You really want to go on vacation, but if you go you might not have enough tuition money to go to school.

14. Approach Approach or Approach Conflict?
You finally saved up for a car! But you can’t seem to decide between your two favorite cars! BMW or a Benz?!
You really want to go on vacation, but if you go you might not have enough tuition money to go to school.

15. Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion and Stress
WHS AP Psychology
Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion and Stress
Essential Task 8-4:Essential Task: Compare and contrast the motivational theories of drive reduction theory, arousal theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs detailing the strengths and weaknesses of each.
Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B= Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184
Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

16. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory
Motivation & Emotion
Stress
Sources
Measures
Theories
Effects
Coping
Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Drive Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Intrinsic/
Extrinsic Motivation
Human Drives
Theories of Emotion
James-Lange
Cognitive Appraisal
Schachter two-factor
Cannon-Bard
Opponent Process
We are here
Explain complex motives (eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

17. Essential Task 8-4: Motivational Theories Drive Reduction Theory
Outline
Motivational Theories
Drive Reduction Theory
Strengths
Weaknesses
Arousal Theory
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

18. Theories of Motivation
Instinct Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Hierarchy of Motives
Incentive Theory (Operant Conditioning)
OBJECTIVE 1| Define motivation as psychologists use the term today, and name four perspectives useful for studying motivated behaviors.

19. I. Instincts & Evolutionary Psychology
Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout the species and are not learned—(wired biologically genetically)
OBJECTIVE 2| Discuss the similarities and differences between instinct theory and evolutionary perspective.
Tony Brandenburg/ Bruce Coleman, Inc.
© Ariel Skelley/ Masterfile
Humans are flexible, animals who follow strict instincts are not.
Most significant human behaviors are learned

20. Instinct
Are we all compelled to like the same foods? Do we all dance the same way?
How do you know it’s not learned?
How can we find out if a behavior is motivated by instinct?
We are motivated by wealth, success, and fame. Are these things motivated by instinct?
Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns

21. II. Drive-Reduction Theory
When the instinct theory of motivation failed it was replaced by the drive-reduction theory. A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need (Hull, 1951).
OBJECTIVE 3| Explain how drive-reduction theory views human motivation.
Tension

22. Drive Reduction
The physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis, the maintenance of a steady internal state – balance. The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level
Drive
Reduction
Food
Empty Stomach
(Food Deprived)
Stomach Full
Organism

23. Homeostasis – explains why we stop fulfilling biological drives.
The ability or tendency of an organism to maintain internal equilibrium or balance.
A state of psychological equilibrium obtained when tension or a drive has been reduced or eliminated.

24. Two types of drives Primary drive
-Unlearned drive based on a physiological state found in all animals
Motivate behavior necessary for survival
Hunger, thirst and sex
Secondary drive
-Learned drive – wealth or success

25. Drive Reduction Theory
Strengths
Does a nice job explaining most primary drives
Weaknesses
Falls apart with more complex behaviors/secondary drives
once homeostasis is achieved we’d never do anything
We want more than just a “balanced” state
Buffets would go out of business…
There would be no obesity
There would be no addiction
Can’t explain Sex and Secondary Drives.
Outline

26. III. Optimum Arousal Humans seek optimum levels of arousal.
Sometimes we want lots of arousal
Sometimes we want very low arousal
Some of us tend to want more and some of us tend to want less.
OBJECTIVE 4| Discuss the contribution of arousal theory to the study of motivation.

27. Arousal Theory Relationship between arousal and performance
People do things in order to seek out an optimal level of arousal for a given moment
I want a high level or arousal – “let’s do something epic tonight!”
I want a low level of arousal – “let’s stay in tonight.”
I am bored with my life I need a new job.
I am stressed at work, let’s take a vacation.
Arousal -- being alert, physically and mentally

28. Yerkes-Dodson Law
States that there is an optimal level of arousal for best performance on any task
The more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated without interfering with performance
With simple/easy task, high level of arousal is needed
Anxiety and exam (optimum amount)
Too little… you’re not going to study… Too much… you’re going to shut down.

29. IV. Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition.
OBJECTIVE 5| Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
( )

30. Hierarchy of Needs

31. Criticisms for Hierarchy of Needs
People often neglect their basic biological needs for more social needs
Cross-cultural needs: individualistic vs. collectivist cultures see needs differently
Sensation seeking: Why would someone jump out of a plane for “fun?

32. V. Operant Conditioning Factors
Incentive Theory
Incentives – environmental cues that trigger a motive.
When a stimulus creates goal-directed behavior
Positive stimuli or Negative stimuli
Receiving positive stimuli or to avoid negative stimuli
(rewards and punishments)

33. Practice FRQ

34. Intrinsic Motivators
Refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from any external or outside rewards, such as money or grades.
It is stronger than external motivation
I get satisfaction from working with students. It makes me happy to see you succeed.

35. Extrinsic Motivators
Refers to motivation that comes from external or outside rewards, such as money or grades.

36. Social Conflict Situations
Conflict – torn in different directions by opposing motives that block you from attaining a goal
Approach-Approach Conflict – involves two positive options, only one of which you can have.
Approach-Avoidance Conflict – involves both a positive and negative consequences.
You saved up for a car! But you cant seem to decide if you want to get a … or …
You really want to go on vacation, but if you go you might not have enough tuition money to go to school.

37. Social Conflict Situations
Avoidance-avoidance conflict -- Situations involving two negative options, one of which you must choose
Multiple approach-avoidance conflict – the most complex form of conflict. Several alternative course of actions both positive and negative
You saved up for a car! But you cant seem to decide if you want to get a … or …
You really want to go on vacation, but if you go you might not have enough tuition money to go to school.

38. Approach Approach or Approach Conflict?
You finally saved up for a car! But you can’t seem to decide between your two favorite cars! BMW or a Benz?!
You really want to go on vacation, but if you go you might not have enough tuition money to go to school.

39. Social Motivation
Achievement Motive – desire to meet some internalized standard of excellence
People with high need for achievement choose moderately challenging tasks to satisfy their need
People with low need for achievement choose easy or impossible goals so they don’t have to take responsibilities for failure