1. Industrialized Societies in the West, 1750-1914

2. Intro
The successful global expansion of Western societies during the 15-18th centuries led to profound changes at home
Political/economic upheavals, intellectual/technological innovations
The World Economy, led by the Europeans, created a framework for changes and opportunities that would set the West on a path towards modernity
Revolution and Industrialization would encompass the West during next two and a half centuries

3. I. Age of Revolution
When? -Period of time beginning in late 1700s, with American and French Revolutions, continuing through mid-1800s
3 forces at work
Enlightenment thinkers encouraged change and reform
Example: Jean-Jacque Rousseau, The Social Contract
Commercialization challenged traditional notions of wealth and power
Population revolution – population explosion as a result of better nutrition, less spread of disease
Led to more people in need of work, further rise of capitalist system, property-less classes (proletariat)
Further urbanization of society - away from agriculture, towards manufacturing
Proto-industrialization – textile/metal production in the home

4. II. French Revolution
Set the stage for political restructuring of western Europe
Enlightenment thinkers urged the need to limit power of Catholic church (1st Estate), nobility (2nd Estate), monarchy (Louis XVI)
Middle class wanted greater political role
Peasants (3rd Estate) wanted greater freedoms from landlords
Revolutionary ideas led to extreme changes and periods of social upheaval
radicalization of reform, led by Maxmilien Robespierre
Reign of Terror - thousands guillotined for opposing reforms
Rise of nationalism – feeling of national unity, identity based on common culture, race, ethnic origin

5. III. Napoleon Bonaparte
Out of the chaos of the French Revolution, Napoleon is able to seize power
General in revolutionary army, instituted a coup d’etat – seized control of French government
Later crowned emperor
Converted France to an authoritarian state
Implemented a powerful police system, but also furthered many revolutionary reforms
Religious freedoms, equality for men, centralized system of education to train bureaucrats
Power hungry – attempted to take over much of Europe
Eventually defeated by alliance of European powers in 1815 (Battle of Waterloo)

6. Napoleon’s Empire (1812)

7. III. Continued… Impact of Napoleon on Europe
Strengthened feelings of nationalism in other countries as people banded together to fight Napoleon’s forces
Congress of Vienna – after Napoleon, sought to restore the balance of Europe, restore monarchy in France
Rise of Factions
Conservatives – opposed to revolutionary ideas and big reforms
Liberals – mainly represented middle class, sought economic reforms, personal freedoms
Radicals – wanted to further reforms of Liberals, even some for lower classes
Nationalists – allied themselves with Liberals and/or Radicals, called for national unity/glory

8. IV. Industrialization and Its Impact
Modernization of manufacturing processes
Linked to social and economic changes
Technological innovations – example: steam engine
Europe become more urban – linked by railroads, canals
England: first time in history majority of people lived in cities
Family becomes smaller, birth rates/death rates lower
Material wealth increased
Workers gained more power through organization (unions)
Peasant life improved – more education, more freedoms
Political changes pushed by worker’s conditions

9. V. Social Upheaval
Revolution and Industrialization led people to think more critically about the role of government and solving social problems
Socialism – state (gov’t) control of production, end of capitalist exploitation of individuals
Karl Marx – leading socialist theorist, father of communism
Argued that the bourgeoisie (property/business owners) controlled the proletariat (property-less classes)
Only a revolution against bourgeoisie would end social inequality
Everyone puts same work in, receives same benefits
Socialist movements gained in popularity through late 1800s
Feminist movements also gained in popularity
Sought legal and economic gains for women
Right to vote, access to higher professions/education

10. VI. Increased Expansion and Tensions
The need for raw materials and new markets led to further colonization of world
Canada, Australia, New Zealand become economically dependent on Europe, increase territorial holdings
Increased conflicts with indigenous (native) peoples
Immigration from Europe to U.S./South America explodes in 1800s, early 1900s
In Europe, nationalism and industrialization lead to tensions within and between nations
Greek Revolution, Revolutions of 1848
Militarization was a result of increased economic gains, nationalist superiority, expansionist tendencies
Lead-up to WWI – alliances form (Triple Alliance, Triple Entente)

11. Key Vocabulary – ch. 23 Industrial Revolution Radicals
Age of Revolution
Population revolution
Proto-industrialization
French Revolution
Guillotine
Nationalism
Congress of Vienna
Conservatives
Liberals
Radicals
Greek Revolution
Chartist movement
Social question
Socialism
Revisionism
Feminist movements
Mass leisure culture
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente