1. ITU Structure & Study Groups
August 4, 2001
ITU Structure & Study Groups
　　　　　　　　　Masatoshi Ohishi
NAOJ
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AP-RASC '01 - Session J8

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5. Members of the ITU Member States (189)
Sector Members such as private companies (more than 600)
Regional Groups
International Organizations such as IUCAF
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6. Structure of the ITU-R
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8. Regional Groups CEPT – Europe CITEL – North and South America
APT – Asia-Pacific region
Arab group
 They prepare common proposals for
WRC agenda items.
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9. RA frequency groups IUCAF : IAU + URSI + COSPAR Europe -- CRAF
Committee for Radio Astronomy Frequencies
US -- CORF
Committee on Radio Frequencies
AP region -- RAFCAP
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10. Regions 1, 2 & 3
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11. Radio Astronomy Service
1.58 radio astronomy service:  A service involving the use of radio astronomy.
Historically RAS was restricted to ground-
based one. Now RAS includes space-based observations.
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12. Footnote # of Radio Regulation
Radio Astronomy in ITU
1.13 radio astronomy:  Astronomy based on the reception of radio waves of cosmic origin.
1.5 radio waves or hertzian waves:  Electromagnetic waves of frequencies arbitrarily lower than 3 000 GHz, propagated in space without artificial guide.
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13. RAS ≠ radiocommunication
1.3 telecommunication:   Any transmission, emission or reception of signs, signals, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems (CS).
1.138 emission:  Radiation produced, or the production of radiation, by a radio transmitting station.
1.137 radiation:  The outward flow of energy from any source in the form of radio waves.
1.6 radiocommunication:  Telecommunication by means of radio waves (CS) (CV).
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14. RAS ≠ radiocommunication
1.7 terrestrial radiocommunication:  Any radiocommunication other than space radiocommunication or radio astronomy.
1.8 space radiocommunication:  Any radiocommunication involving the use of one or more space stations or the use of one or more reflecting satellites or other objects in space.
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15. RAS as radiocommunication
4.6 For the purpose of resolving cases of harmful interference, the radio astronomy service shall be treated as a radiocommunication service. However, protection from services in other bands shall be afforded the radio astronomy service only to the extent that such services are afforded protection from each other.
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17. WRC World Radiocommunication Conference
New allocations, new regulations, etc., are discussed and adopted based on national and regional proposals.
Study Groups, Working Parties consider technical aspects of agenda items for WRCs.
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18. Study Cycle (~3 years) CPM report Agenda Items WRC; Admins.
Adopt Radio
Regulations
CPM;
Experts
Study Groups
Exchange info
Assign
AIs
Draft
CPM
report
WPs, TGs
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19. Study Groups
drafting Technical bases for Radiocommunication Conferences
developing Draft Recommendations
compiling Handbooks
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20. Study Groups SG 1:Spectrum Management SG 3:Radio Wave Propagation
SG 4:Fixed-Satellite Service
SG 6:Broadcasting Service
SG 7:Science Services
SG 8:Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur
and related satellite services
SG 9:Fixed Services
SC: Special Committee
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21. Working Parties
Study Groups are organized into Working Parties and Task Groups
Deal with specific aspects of Study Group work
Issues related with multiple SGs
 Joint WPs, Joint TGs
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22. SG 1
WP 1A : Spectrum engineering techniques
WP 1B : Spectrum management methodologies
WP 1C : Spectrum monitoring
TG 1/7 : Protection of passive service bands from unwanted emissions
JTG : Multimedia applications (Resolution 737 (WRC-2000))
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23. SG 3 WP 3J Propagation fundamentals WP 3K Point-to-area propagation
WP 3L Ionospheric propagation
WP 3M Point-to-point and Earth- space propagation
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24. SG 4 WP 4A : Efficient orbit / spectrum utilization
WP 4B : Systems, performance, availability and　maintenance of FSS, Satellite news gathering (SNG) and outside broadcast via satellite
JWP 4-9S : Frequency sharing, between the FSS and the FS
JTG : Sharing in the band – 14 GHz (Resolution 733 (WRC-2000))
JTG : 5 GHz band allocations (Resolution 736 (WRC-2000))
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25. SG 6 (WPs) WP 6A : Programme assembling and formatting
WP 6E : Terrestrial delivery
WP 6M : Interactive and
multimedia broadcasting
WP 6P : Content production / postproduction
WP 6Q : Performance assessment
and quality control
WP 6R : Recording for production, archival
and play-out; film for television
　WP 6S : Satellite delivery
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26. SG 6 (TGs)
TG 6/6 : Recommendation for a digital broadcasting standard below 30 MHz
TG 6/7 : Planning parameters for digital broadcasting at frequencies below 30 MHz
TG 6/8 : Preparation for the Regional Radiocommunication Conference
2004 (RRC-04)
　TG 6/9 : Digital cinema
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27. SG 7 WP 7A : Time signals and frequency standard emissions
WP 7B : Space radio systems
WP 7C : Earth-exploration satellite
systems and meteorological elements
WP 7D : Radioastronomy
　WP 7E : Inter-service sharing and compatibility
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28. SG 8 WP 8A : Land mobile service excluding IMT- 2000
WP 8B : Maritime mobile service including Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GDMSS); aeronautical mobile service and
radiodetermination service
WP 8D : All mobile-satellite services
and radiodetermination-satellite service
WP 8F : IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT
　JRG 8A-9B : Wireless access systems
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29. SG 9
WP 9A : Performance and availability, interference objectives and analysis, effects of propagation and terminology
WP 9B : Radio-frequency channel arrangements, radio system characteristics, interconnection, maintenance and various applications
WP 9C : Systems below 30 MHz (HF and others)
WP 9D : Sharing with other services (except for the FSS)
　JRG 6S-9D : Frequency sharing between the FS and BSS (sound)
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31. Documents
Input Documents from Member States, Sector Members and International Organizations, etc. (White)
Liaison Statements from other WPs, TGs, etc. (White)
Output Documents (Yellow)
Administrative Documents (Green/Blue)
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32. Contributions from Member States, etc. Liaison Statements
From other Groups
Chairman’s
Report
Consider input
Documents
WPs, TGs, SGs, etc.
Contributions
To Parent SG
Such as DNRs
Liaison Statements
To other Groups
Documents carried on
Chairman’s report
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33. ITU Web page http://www.itu.int/ top page http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/
Submitted documents appear on the Web.
You need a TIES account to download
files.
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34. Recommendations
The ITU-R Recommendations provide a body of technical, operational and regulatory / procedural information that has been agreed upon by the participating administrations.
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35. Production of Recs. Question Agenda Item Working Party Study based on
Task Group
Study based on
contributions
PDNR
APPROVE
DNR
Study Group
ADOPT
Administration
New Rec
VOTE
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36. How to Name Recs Recommendation ITU-R RA.769-1 RA:Radio Astronomy
769: sequential number
-1 : Revision number
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38. RA series
RA.314 Preferred frequency bands for radio astronomical measurements
RA.479 Protection of frequencies for radioastronomical measurements in the shielded zone of the Moon
RA.517 Protection of the radioastronomy service from transmitters in adjacent bands
RA.611 Protection of the radioastronomy service from spurious emissions
RA.769 Protection criteria used for radioastronomical measurements
RA.1031 Protection of the radioastronomy service in frequency bands shared with other services
RA.1237 Protection of the radio astronomy service from unwanted emissions resulting from applications of wideband digital modulation
RA.1272 Protection of radio astronomy measurements above 60 GHz from ground based interference
RA.1417 A radio-quiet zone in the vicinity of the L2 Sun-Earth Lagrange point
RA.1513 Levels of data loss to radio astronomy observations and percentage-of-time criteria resulting from degradation by interference for frequency bands allocated to the radio astronomy on a primary basis
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39. Current Frequency Allocations
9 kHz – 275 GHz
< 9 kHz :
5.53 Administrations authorizing the use of frequencies below 9 kHz shall ensure that no harmful interference is caused thereby to the services to which the bands above 9 kHz are allocated.
5.54 Administrations conducting scientific research using frequencies below 9 kHz are urged to advise other administrations that may be concerned in order that such research may be afforded all practicable protection from harmful interference.
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40. Secondary Primary alloc. direction footnotes RAS 2018/11/24
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41. Primary & Secondary Services
a) services the names of which are printed in “capitals” (example: FIXED); these are called “primary” services;
b) services the names of which are printed in “normal characters” (example: Mobile); these are called “secondary” services.
Stations of a secondary service:
a) shall not cause harmful interference to stations of primary services to which frequencies are already assigned or to which frequencies may be assigned at a later date;
b) cannot claim protection from harmful interference from stations of a primary service to which frequencies are already assigned or may be assigned at a later date;
c) can claim protection, however, from harmful interference from stations of the same or other secondary service(s) to which frequencies may be assigned at a later date.
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42. Allocation > 275 GHz No allocation at present (only footnote 5.565)
Provisional Agenda Item for WRC-2006
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44. 5.565 The frequency band GHz may be used by administrations for experimentation with, and development of, various active and passive services. In this band a need has been identified for the following spectral line measurements for passive services:
– radio astronomy service: 275‑323 GHz, 327‑371 GHz, 388‑424 GHz, 426‑442 GHz, 453‑510 GHz, 623‑711 GHz, 795‑909 GHz and GHz;
– Earth exploration-satellite service (passive) and space research service (passive): GHz, 294‑306 GHz, 316‑334 GHz, 342‑349 GHz, 363‑365 GHz, 371‑389 GHz, 416‑434 GHz, 442‑444 GHz, 496‑506 GHz, 546‑568 GHz, 624‑629 GHz, 634‑654 GHz, 659‑661 GHz, 684‑692 GHz, 730‑732 GHz, 851‑853 GHz and 951‑956 GHz.
Future research in this largely unexplored spectral region may yield additional spectral lines and continuum bands of interest to the passive services. Administrations are urged to take all practicable steps to protect these passive services from harmful interference until the date when the allocation Table is established in the above-mentioned frequency band.     (WRC‑2000)
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45. RA bands defined in ITU Frequency usages are regulated in ITU
RA bands  rights to be protected
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46. Where are RA bands ? Frequency Bands(MHz) Frequency Bands(GHz)
1   427 (HI)
(OH)
1   670 (OH)
2   700
4   000 (H2CO)
14.47 – (H2CO)0
(H2O)
(NH3)
(SiO)
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47. New RA bands above 71 GHz
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48. Shared RA bands In many RA bands, other services are also allocated.
INTERFERENCE !?
It is necessary to coordinate between
RAS and other services.
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49. Adjacent to RA bands In many cases, there are satellite services
(FSS, MSS, BSS, etc) in downlink !!
RA can not avoid interference
by choosing sites.
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50. Iridium Satellites Max hold 1 min IF output 5dB/div 1450-1950 MHz
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51. Observed Interference at CRL
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52. Interference by GSOs 21cm obs. at Bonn GSOs 2018/11/24
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53. Radio Frequency Interference
Radio contaminations by artificial
transmission (Telecomm., Radar, etc.)
Serious Problem for low-frequency
RA observations
RFI will occur in higher frequencies
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54. Necessary bandwidth
1.152 necessary bandwidth:  For a given class of emission, the width of the frequency band which is just sufficient to ensure the transmission of information at the rate and with the quality required under specified conditions.
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55. Unwanted emissions
1.144 out-of-band emission:  Emission on a frequency or frequencies immediately outside the necessary bandwidth which results from the modulation process, but excluding spurious emissions.
1.145 spurious emission:  Emission on a frequency or frequencies which are outside the necessary bandwidth and the level of which may be reduced without affecting the corresponding transmission of information. Spurious emissions include harmonic emissions, parasitic emissions, intermodulation products and frequency conversion products, but exclude out-of-band emissions.
1.146 unwanted emissions:  Consist of spurious emissions and out-of-band emissions.  
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56. Appendix to Article 3
For the purpose of setting limits, all emissions, including harmonic emissions, intermodulation products, frequency conversion products and parasitic emissions, which fall at frequencies separated from the centre frequency of the emission by ± 250%, or more, of the necessary bandwidth of the emission will generally be considered as spurious emissions.
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57. Necessary bandwidth Δf 2.0 x Δf 2.0 x Δf Spurious Spurious emission
OOB
OOB
frequency
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58. Roadmap of Communication
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59. HAPS Issue High Altitude Platform Stations Airships at 20 km altitude
For Broadband communication
US – 47 GHz region
Japan – 31 GHz region
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61. HDFS at 43GHz High Density Fixed Service→broadband communication
Includes the SiO band ( GHz)
It may degrade pointing accuracy.
Since 2000, we are collaborating to
avoid interference to the RAS band.
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62. Other RFI?s BS around 608 – 614 MHz in Europe
 New RFI? for Urmuqi and GMRT
MSS near 1.4 GHz (HI) band
RNSS near 5 GHz (H2CO) band
Internet access from aircrafts (Boeing)
near 14.5 GHz (H2CO) band
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63. Space Solar Power Satellite
Generation of Electricity in Orbit
Up to 10 GW  Rectenna 10kmx10km
Microwave Power 2.45 GHz
 Interference at 5 GHz (H2CO band)
40 dB higher than interference level detrimental to the RAS
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64. Similar Problems might occur in IR/Optical Astronomy
RFI  IRFI  OFI
Similar Problems might occur in IR/Optical Astronomy
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65. Above 10 THz issue
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66. Optical Communication
Laser Communications > 10 THz
has been studied
 Probable Problems in NEAR FUTURE
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