1. Bucket Review

2. Agriculturalists & pastoralists competed and often fought over land
Which of the following best explains life in communities prior to the Agricultural Revolutions?
Agriculturalists & pastoralists competed and often fought over land
The only role for women was to bear & raise children
Groups were defined by the geographic region of origin
The foraging lifestyle supported only small, nomadic groups of people
Specialization of labor resulted in important technological advances D

3. People migrated to regions that could finally support agriculture.
Which one of the following reasons do most historians cite as the cause of the Agricultural Revolution?
People migrated to regions that could finally support agriculture.
A cooling period around 6000 BCE allowed to settle in 1 place year around.
Climate change drove people to abandon foraging in favor of agriculture
Foraging groups grew so large that they could no longer function as nomadic societies.
Major river valleys stopped flooding, which allowed people to settle along their banks. C

4. The Origins of Agriculture
Key Concept 1.1 Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth
Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agriculture Societies
Essential Question: How did life differ before and after the Neolithic Revolution?

5. Before Civilization Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age
~2.5 mill. yrs ago to ~8000 B.C.E.
Humans migrated from East Africa to Eurasia, Australia & the Americas
Adapted to different geographical settings
Developed varied technologies

6. Food Gathering Peoples
Humans lived in hunting-foraging bands based on kinship
Some self-sufficient, others exchanged goods needed for survival
Ability to produce fire:
Aided hunting/gathering
Protected against predators
Provided warmth in cold environments
Improved taste of food & made it easier to digest

7. Food Gathering Peoples
Gender relations tended to be more egalitarian in Paleolithic societies
Women gathered/cooked (while carrying their children)
Men hunted large animals

8. Food Gathering Peoples
Foundations of science, art & religion developed during Paleolithic Age
No writing systems
Cave paintings
Ceremonial burials implied a belief in the afterlife
Religious beliefs revolved around nature

9. Megaliths

10. The Neolithic Revolution
~10,000 yrs ago (8000 B.C.E.) some societies adopted agriculture & animal domestication
In response to environmental changes
Not a single event, but a series of separate transformations (Agricultural Revolutions)
Created more reliable (but often less diversified) food supply

12. Neolithic Revolution

13. Slash and Burn Agriculture

14. The Neolithic Revolution
Agriculture developed first in Mesopotamia
Followed at different times in:
The Nile River Valley & Sub-Saharan Africa
The Yellow River (Huang He) Valley
Papua New Guinea
Mesoamerica
The Andes

15. River Valley Civilizations

16. CPSSBRTA

17. Pastoralism Pastoralism Way of life dependent on herding animals
Nomadic
Developed in grasslands of Afro-Eurasia

18. Life in Neolithic Communities
Agriculture required communities to work together to clear land & create irrigation (water control) systems
Drastically altered environment (ex. soil exhaustion, deforestation)
Food surpluses led to specialization of labor, new societal classes (merchants, artisans, etc.), development of elites & rapid population increases

20. Life in Neolithic Communities
Technological innovations led to improvements in agricultural production, trade, and transportation
Ex. pottery, plows, woven textiles, metallurgy, wheels and wheeled vehicles

21. Life in Neolithic Communities
Gender roles
Women lost social status
Societies became patriarchal (dominated by males)
Civilizations arose
But what characteristics define the difference between a group of people and a civilization?