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Chapter 6 Skeletal System
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Skeletal System Functions
Support/framework Protect Movement and anchorage Mineral storage Hemapoiesis (formation of RBC)
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Functions (red and white blood cells)
Framework/Support: body structure and shape Protection: for vital organs(brain, heart, etc.) Levers/Movement for attached skeletal muscles wk with muscular sys for mvmt*** Tendons: attach muscle to bone Ligaments: attach bone to bone Mineral storage: calcium and phosphorus Blood cell formation - hematopoiesis (red and white blood cells)
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Structure and Formation of Bone
Osteocytes Mature bone cell 1. Organic material 35% (flexibility) Collagen, a fibrous material Jellylike material is between the collagen 2. Inorganic material salts and water 65% (hardness and durability) - calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium fluoride, magnesium phosphate, sodium oxide & sodium chloride
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Females grow until about 18 years of age
Growth Females grow until about 18 years of age Males grow until about years of age
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Osteoblasts: bone building, bone repairing cells in the periosteum
Composition Cells Osteoblasts: bone building, bone repairing cells in the periosteum Osteocytes: mature bone cells within the bone Osteoclast: causes reabsorption of bone
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Cells that Aid in Bone Formation
Osteoblast Builds new bone tissue Mature bone cell Osteocyte OsteoblastsOsteoblasts are responsible for building new bone and lie at the centre of bone physiology. Their functions include the synthesis of collagen and the control of mineralisation. OsteoclastsOsteoclasts are specialised cells that resorb bone. They work by sealing off an area of bone surface then, when activated, they pump out hydrogen ions to produce a very acid environment, which dissolves the hydroxyapatite. OsteocytesBone adapts to applied forces by growing stronger in order to withstand them; it is known that exercise can help to improve bone strength. Osteocytes are thought to be part of the cellular feed-back mechanism which directs bone to form in the places where it is most needed. They lie within mineralised bone and it is thought that they may detect mechanical deformation and mediate the response of the osteoblasts. Osteoclast Eats bone 8
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Bone Formation Skeleton fully formed by 2nd month of fetal development (all cartilage) After 8th week of fetal development ossification begins (mineral matter deposited and replaces cartilage) Childhood and adolescence: ossification exceeds bone loss Early adulthood thru middle age: ossification equals bone loss After age 35: bone loss exceed ossification***
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275 bones 12 weeks (6-9 inches long)
Fetal Skeleton 275 bones 12 weeks (6-9 inches long) 10
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Types of Bone
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Bone Types Long bones Flat bones Irregular bones Short bones
Sesamoid bones
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Long bones Found in the extremities Act as levers
Examples: femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, clavicle, metacarpals, phalanges
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Short Bones Cube shaped Allows flexible movement Examples: Carpals
Tarsals
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Flat Bones Protect vital organs and provide broad surface area for muscle attachment Examples: Cranial bones Scapula Sternum Ribs
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Irregular Bones Peculiarly shaped to provide support and protection, yet allow flexibility Examples: Vertebrae Mandible
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Sesamoid Bones Extra bones found in certain tendons Example: Patella
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Classification of Bones
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A. Long B. Short C. Irregular D. Sesamoid E. Flat
3. 1. 4. 5. 2.
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Anatomy of Long Bone Diaphysis (dye-AF-ih-sis)
Shaft Composed of compact bone Epiphysis (eh-PIF-ih-sis) Ends of bone composed mostly of spongy bone Periosteum (pehr-ee-OSS-tee-um) outside covering of diaphysis Endosteum (en-DOS-tee-um) Lines medullary cavity Arteries Articular cartilage Medullary cavity (MED-you-lehr-ee) Cavity inside the shaft Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
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Structure and Formation of Long Bone
© 2014 Cengage Learning.
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Long Bones Shaft or diaphysis Each end is the epiphysis
Covered by articular cartilage In the center is the medullary canal Yellow bone marrow Endosteum (lining of the marrow canal)
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Long Bones Red marrow Periosteum Ends of long bones
Manufactures red blood cells and some white blood cells Periosteum Covering on the outside of the bone
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Bone Marrow Red bone marrow Yellow bone marrow
Found in vertebrae, ribs, sternum, cranium, ends of humerus and femur Produces: Erythrocytes – red blood cells Plateletes - thrombocytes – clotting cells Some leukocytes – white blood cells Yellow bone marrow Found in medullary cavity of long bones Fat storage
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Bone Marrow Yellow marrow Medullary cavity of long bones Fat storage
Red marrow Hematopoietic tissue In all cancellous bone in children In adults: cancellous bone of vertebrae, hips, sternum, ribs, cranial bones, proximal ends of femur and humerus Forms RBCs, platelets, some WBCs, and destroys old RBCs and some foreign materials
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Divisions of the Skeletal System
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Appendicular skeleton
Skeletal System Axial skeleton Skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, and hyoid bone Appendicular skeleton Upper and lower extremities
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Spinal column (vertebra) Ribs and sternum
Axial Skeleton 22 bones of the skull 14 facial bones Spinal column (vertebra) Ribs and sternum
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Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
Divided into three parts: Skull Vertebral Column Thorax
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DID YOU KNOW… The giraffe, with its long neck, has the same number of cervical vertebra as a human…just much longer.
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The Skull © 2014 Cengage Learning.
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The Skull © 2014 Cengage Learning.
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Sutures- connects parietal bones to temporal bones
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Fontanelle
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Appendicular Skeleton
Composed of 126 bones Includes bones of the: Limbs (appendages) Pectoral (shoulder) girdle Pelvic (hip) girdle
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Appendicular Skeleton - Upper Extremities
Shoulder girdle Arm Hand
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Appendicular Skeleton - Lower Extremities
Pelvic girdle Upper leg Lower leg Ankle Foot
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1. Synarthroses (immovable) joints
Called articulations Points of contact between two bones 1. Synarthroses (immovable) joints 2. Amphiarthroses (partially movable) joints 3. Diarthroses (movable) joints
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Classification 1. Synarthrotic: immovable - cranium
Amphiarthrotic: limited movement Ex. pubic symphysis, vertebral joints, sacroiliac joint 3. Diarthrotic: freely movable Gliding: bones of the wrist Pivot: between radius and ulna Ball and socket: hip Hinge: elbow
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1. Synarthroses Joints Immovable joints
Connected by tough, fibrous connective tissue Example: Adult cranium Cranial joints are called sutures
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2. Amphiarthroses Joints
Partially movable joints Cartilage between their articular surfaces Examples: Ribs to the spine Symphysis pubis
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3. Diarthroses Joints Movable joints Ball-and-socket joints
Hinge joints Pivot joints Gliding joints
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Types of Motion Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Rotation
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Aging of the Bones and Joints
Bone mass and density decline External surfaces of the bones thicken Intervertebral cartilage disks shrink Center of balance is altered Joints less mobile Increased rigidity and decreased flexibility Fear of falling
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Skeletal System Diseases and Disorders
Unit 6.3
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Disorders of the Bones and Joints
Fracture Greenstick bent and split, incomplete break Closed/simple complete break of the bone with no damage to skin Open/compound bone breaks ruptures skin Comminuted Two or more bones that are broken into smaller pieces
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Disorders of the Bones and Joints
© 2014 Cengage Learning.
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Repairing Fractures Closed reduction Open reduction
Traction ( pulling forced used to get the bones in place) used for fx of long bones
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Other Bone and Joint Injuries
Dislocation bone is displaced from a joint Sprain twisting action tears ligaments Hammer toe (toe that is curled or flexed) RICE Treatment Rest Ice Compression Elevation
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Diseases of the Bones Arthritis Gout Rickets Rheumatoid arthritis
Osteoarthritis Gout Rickets
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Other Bone and Joint Injuries
Slipped (herniated) disc Whiplash injury
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Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine
Kyphosis (kye-FOH-sis) hunchback Lordosis (lor-DOH-sis) swayback Scoliosis Side to side curvature PAGE 109 in book
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Other Disorders Osteoporosis (AKA: silent disease) Osteomyelitis
no symptoms until injury Detrition of bone Osteomyelitis Inflammation/infection of the bone Osteosarcoma Bone cancer
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Arthritis (tx ASA & exercise)
Two main types: Rheumatoid Osteo *Gouty Arthritis ( 1st attack in the big toe)* too much uric acid
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Rheumatoid Chronic inflammatory disease affecting the connective tissues and joints More common in women Onset around age 35-45 Causes permanent deformity and immobility Early treatment is key Treatment: Rest, medications, steroids, surgery
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Osteoarthritis Most common form Chronic result of aging
Symptoms: joint pain, stiffness, aching, limited range of motion, No cure Treatment: Rest, anti-inflammatory medication, , steroid injections, hot/cold applications, and exercises
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Bursitis Inflammation of the bursae
Small fluid filled sacs around the joints Symptoms: Severe pain, fluid accumulation Treatment: pain meds, steroids rest, aspirating fluid, and physical therapy
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Fracture-crack or break in bone
Green stick- bent and split, incomplete break Simple/closed- complete break of the bone with no damage to skin Compound/open- bone breaks ruptures skin Impacted- broken ends jam into each other Comminuted- bone splinters into more than two pieces. Spiral- twist resulting in one or more breaks Depressed-skull moves inward common in head injuries Colles- breaking and dislocation of the radius (falling outstretched hand)
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Reduction- proper alignment for healing
Closed reduction- cast or splint Open reduction- surgical repair Dislocation- bone is displaced from a joint Sprain- twisting action tears ligamnets
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Osteomyelitis Bone infection and inflammation
Symptoms: severe pain, fever chills, swelling Treatment: IV antibiotics
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Osteoporosis Metabolic disorder caused by hormone deficiency
Loss of calcium and phosphorus causes Bone density test Treatment: increased intake of Vitamin D, medications to increase bone mass, exercise and estrogen replacement
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Ruptured Disk (Herniated or ruptured disk)
Padding between disk ruptures or protrudes out Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, immobility Treatment: rest, traction Physical therapy or massage
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Compound Fracture bone “breaks” or tears through skin – very serious, infection can occur
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Comminuted Fracture bone breaks into pieces – common in elderly, bones are more brittle
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Compression Fracture bone is compressed or crushed common in vertebra – common in older people due to osteoporosis
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Depressed Fracture bone is pressed inward – common in skull fracture
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Impacted Fracture bone ends are forced into each other – common when attempting “break your fall” with outstretched arms
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Spiral Fracture results from excessive twisting force
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Greenstick Fracture incomplete break (like a green twig) common in children due to more flexibility in bones than adults
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BONE REPAIR Callus zone of tissue repair Several Steps 1. blood clot forms days later, cells enter and produce fibers which hold bones together cartilage is then produced 3. osteoblasts enter the callus and form spongy bone – takes 4-6 weeks 4. spongy bone is remodeled into compact bone this healing can take up to a year
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Scoliosis abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
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dislocation violent disruption of the integrity of a joint – many different types
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Rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency (can be from lack of sunlight)
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