1. An Introduction to Macroeconomics
Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin .

2. Performance and Policy
Real GDP
Corrects for price changes
Nominal GDP
Uses current prices
Unemployment
Inflation
Increase in overall level of prices
LO1
23-2

3. Performance and Policy
Can governments:
Promote economic growth?
Reduce severity of recession?
Is monetary or fiscal policy more effective at mitigating recession?
Is there a tradeoff between inflation and unemployment?
Is anticipated or unanticipated government policy more effective?
LO2
23-3

4. Performance and Policy
Output growth
2.7% per year
Unemployment rate
4.6% in 2007
Inflation rate
2.7% in 2007
LO2
23-4

5. Modern Economic Growth
Standard of living measured by output per person
No growth in living standards prior to Industrial Revolution
Modern economic growth
Output per person rises
Not experienced by all countries
LO3
23-5

6. Global Perspective
LO3
23-6

7. Savings and Investment
Trade-off current for future consumption
Investment
Financial investment
Economic investment
Banks and financial institutions
LO4
23-7

8. Uncertainty, Expectations, and Shocks
The future is uncertain
Expectations affect investment
Shocks
What happens is not what you expected
Demand shocks
Supply shocks
LO5
23-8

9. Uncertainty, Expectations, and Shocks
Demand shocks and flexible prices
Price falls if demand is low
Sales unchanged
Demand shocks and sticky prices
Maintain inventory
Sales change
Business cycles
LO5
23-9

10. Demand Shocks Flexible Prices DM DH DL $40,000 Price $37,000 $35,000
900
Cars Per Week
LO5
23-10

11. Demand Shocks Fixed Prices DH DM DL Price $37,000 700 900 1150
$37,000
Fixed Prices
Price DH DM DL
Cars Per Week
LO5
23-11

12. Many prices are sticky in the short run Consumers prefer stable prices
Sticky Prices
Many prices are sticky in the short run
Consumers prefer stable prices
Firms want to avoid price wars
All prices are flexible in the long run
Firms adjust to unexpected, but permanent changes in demand
LO5
23-12