1. African
Independence

2. Essential Question:
How successful were African nations in becoming politically and economically independent?

3. By 1900 only 2 African Nations remained independent...
Ethiopia
Liberia

4. Roots of Independence Movement
Desire for freedom never abandoned
Post WW1 &WW2 movements
American Civil Rights Movement
Nasser & Arab Nationalism

5. Struggle for Independence
Traditional Colony
Colonial Government
Export Based Economy
European Settled Colony
Colonial Government
Export Based Economy
White Minority resisted Black Rule
Legalized Discrimination

6. Ghana Becomes Independent
1957
Led by Kwame Nkrumah
1st Colony to Achieve Independence
Avoids Tribal Conflicts

7. OAU Nkrumah & WEB de Bois work on Pan-African Movement
Nhrumah founded the OAU--Organization of African Unity
worked to promote African economic independence

8. Rebellion in Kenya
British colony of Kenya heavily settled by White farmers
Took land from Kikuyu and Masai people

9. Mau Mau Rebellion Mau Mau called themselves the Land & Freedom Party
protested for Independence
mass arrests> concentration camps

10. Jomo Kenyatta Kikuyu leader arrested for “terrorism”
imprisoned for 8 years
became President of Kenya
Jomo Kenyatta

11. Kenya becomes strongest democracy in Africa
Kenyatta made Kenya an economic success
He stays in power to long = corruption & abuse

12. Ending Apartheid in South Africa
African National Congress
Political Party
began fight against Apartheid

13. Apartheid

14. Nelson Mandela Leader of ANC arrested and jailed for 28 years
120 ANC leaders were jailed

15. The Years of Struggle
1960: Sharpeville Massacre > Stay at Home Campaign
1976: Soweto Uprising

16. Steve Biko Biko organized student protests against Apartheid
banned person
Smuggled his writings out
beaten to death by police

17. Bishop Desmond Tutu
Anglican minister who led international protest against Apartheid
South Africa sanctioned

18. Impact of Sanctions Worldwide Protest against Apartheid
Ban on Trade & Banking
Financial Crisis in South Africa

19. F.W. de Klerk & Nelson Mandela
De Klerk, white prime minister
negotiated with Mandela
released him from Prison
made agreement for free elections with all South African’s allowed to vote

20. South Africa Avoids Bloodbath

21. South African Independence
1994: first free elections
Nelson Mandela became President of South Africa
1994 to present: South Africans work to create economic equality
tribunal: trials for criminal acts under Apartheid

22. Problems Faced by Independent Africa
Debt from Colonial Period
Pressure from the World Bank to grow colonial export crop to pay off debt
Famine
Ethnic Conflict
Such as Hutu & Tutsi in Rwanda
War & Use of Child Soldiers

23. Health Issues:
Clean water
High infant mortality rate
Aids