1. 1 Doulaye Koné SANDEC / EAWAG – Switzerland www.sandec.ch kone@eawag.ch Tel.+41 44 823 55 53 Faecal Sludge Collection and transport technologies Environmental sanitation planning and infrastructures in developing countries

2. 2 1.70-100 % of cities and towns in developing countries served by on-site sanitation (latrines and septic tanks) 3.Lack of regulations, illegal dumping and use of FS untreated 2.All installations produce FS to be collected ( trucks replacing sewer lines ?) On-site sanitation = the hidden reality

3. Engineers thrusts and beliefs How to empty this pit ? What happens next ? Challenges: how to shift our mind set?

4. 4 Problems Pit emptying and FS haulage No access to pits Traffic congestion The challenge

5. Distance? Reuse potential? Humidity (hygienic quality)? Additional treatment (storage)? Greywater collection transportation and treatment? Quantity (size of neighbourhood)? Business opportunity? The challenge

6. Latrines emptying technology How does latrines technologies influence emptying technologies and performances ?

7. DRY PIT LATRINE

8. POUR FLUSH LATRINE

9. FLUSHING WITH GREY WATER

10. SUCKING FROM TOP LEAVES DENSE SLUDGE

11. WATER ADDED FROM TOP DOES NOT MIX

12. HAND STIRRING IS NOT EFFECTIVE

13. SUCKING FROM BOTTOM REMOVES SLUDGE FIRST

14. INJECTED WATER MIXES WITH SLUDGE

15. WATERTIGHT PIT BOTTOM MAKES SUCKING EASIER

16. Urine diverted latrine

17. 1 2 3 4 Low - Low - : Low + Med: med + High - : High + 1.low - viscosity zone 2.low - : low + viscosity zone 3.med : med + viscosity zone 4.high - : high + viscosity zone Faecal sludge viscosity

18. In the street Manual emptying (70%) Dupimg in the street, Reuse in agriculture Manual emptying where trucks cannot access/pump or households cannot pay the service Photo: P. Blunier, 2004

19. Manual emptying where trucks cannot access/pump or households cannot pay the service

20. Transportation of manually-emptied solids and liquids

21. Collection of dried sludge Locally manufactured emptying technology Animal-cart transportation

22. Vacutug Specifications WEIGHT: 950 KG. SIZE : L 3900mm X W 1350-mm X H 2000 mm SPEED: 5 Km/hr ENGINE: Four stroke 8 HP HONDA models GX240 petrol engine with Electronic ignition. VACUUM PUMP TANK : 500 liters capacity CAPITAL COST of MARK II: USD$ 5,100 (excluding freight)

23. UN-Habitat Vacutug

24. 24 A Vietnamese model e.g. Haiphong: Tanks in narrow lanes accessible by small vehicles

25. TRACTOR TRAILED VACUUM TANKER

26. MICRAVAC

27. Imported cesspits trucks Expensive maintenance Spare parts often lacking Out of age Not appropriate

28. Locally manufactured cesspits trucks Low-cost operation and maintenance Maintenance skills and spare parts available

29. Locally manufactured cesspits trucks