1. Evolution of Cells

2. Vocabulary: Aerobic Anaerobic Autotroph Endosymbiotic theory
Eukaryotic
Heterotroph
Prokaryotic
Symbiotic relationship

4. Evolution of Populations

5. Vocabulary: Adaptation Competition Decent with modification Evolution
Habitat
Natural selection
Overproduction
Population
Species
Struggle for existence
Variation

6. Elements of natural selection
All species have genetic variation.
Since organisms generally produce more offspring than can be supported by the environment, individuals within a species frequently complete with each other for survival. – Competition
The environment itself presents many challenges for an organism's survival. - Struggle for existence
Survival of the fittest occurs – Adaptation
The traits of the organisms best suited to a certain habitat tend to become more frequent in a population over time. – Decent with modification

7. Distribution of Traits
Natural selection can affect the distributions of phenotypes in any of three ways:
directional selection
stabilizing selection
disruptive selection

8. Distribution of Genes

9. Vocabulary Gene pool Genetic diversity Mutations Bottleneck effect
Emigration
Founder effect
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Immigration

10. Variation and Gene Pools
When scientists determine whether a population is evolving, they may look at the sum of the population’s alleles, or its gene pool. This diagram shows the gene pool for fur color in a population of mice. 
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11. In genetic terms, evolution is any change in the relative frequency of alleles in a population.
The two main sources of genetic variation are mutations and the genetic shuffling that results from sexual reproduction.

12. What is genetic drift? A random change in allele frequency
Genetic drift may occur when a small group of individuals colonizes a new habitat.
Individuals may carry alleles in different relative frequencies than did the larger population from which they came.

13. The Bottleneck Effect is a type of genetic drift that occurs randomly when a population’s size is dramatically reduced by a disease outbreak, natural disaster, habitat destruction, or overhunting.

14. The founder effect affects small populations, In this case, a few individuals from a population leave (emigrate) and colonize a new areas.

15. Factors Affecting rate of Evolution
Lower Rate of Evolution
Faster Rate of Evolution
Increasing Rate of Evolution
Large population size
Stable environment
Low mutation rate
Slow reproduction rate
Small population size
Changing environment
High mutation rate
Fast reproductive rate

16. Fossil Record

17. FOSSILS shape the ideas of evolution
The fossil record provides evidence about the history of life on Earth.
It also shows how different groups of organisms, including species, have changed over time.

18. Geological Timeline

20. Theory of Evolution -- evidence
1. Fossils
2. Homologous structures
3. Vestigial organs
4. DNA
5. Embryos
6. Direct Observation

21. 1. Fossil Evidence shows…..
-similarities between extinct animals and living animals
-earth’s layers, and species that lived at each time

23. 2. Homologous structures – parts of the body that are similar, but have different functions
All forelimbs of vertebrates have the same pattern of bones

24. 3. Vestigial Structures – these are organs or parts that seem to have no function
Whales have pelvic bones that do not attach to legs

25. 4. Biochemistry and DNA When comparing the DNA of one species to another, more similarities are found in species that are more closely related.
Lion photo credit: ucumari Tiger photo credit: digitalART2

26. 5. Embryological Development
Embryos of different species develop in almost identical ways.
Human fetus at 8 weeks

27. 6. Direct observation of species change
Bacteria become resistant to antibiotics
Wolves were bred over many generations to become dogs (artificial selection)

29. Classification of Organisms

30. Biologists have identified and named about 1.5 million species so far.
Natural selection and other processes have led to a staggering diversity of organisms.
Biologists have identified and named about
1.5 million species so far.
They estimate that 2–100 million additional species have yet to be discovered.
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31. Why Classify?
In the discipline of taxonomy, scientists classify organisms and assign each organism a universally accepted name.
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32. Kingdom
Cell type
Cell number
Obtain food
Examples
Archaebacteria
(ancient bacteria)
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Chemosynthesis
Autotroph
Thermophils – Heat-loving bacteria
Halophils- Salt-loving bacteria
Methanogens
Eubacteria
(true bacteria)
Heterotroph
Cocci (round), baccilla (rod), spirillum (spiral)
Protista
Eukaryote
Heterotroph and autotroph
Euglena,
Paramecium,
Ameba
Fungi
Unicellular and Multicellular
Absorptive heterotroph
Yeast,
Mushroom,
Truffles,
Bread mold
Plantae
Multicellular
Photosynthesis-
Grass,
Oak tree,
rose
Animalia
multicellular
Ingestive
Man, cat, dog

33. Linnaeus’s System of Classification
What is Linneaus’s system of classification?
Linnaeus's seven levels of classification are—from largest to smallest —
Kingdom King
Phylum Phillip
Class Came
Order Over
Family From
Genus Germany
Species Safely
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34. Linnaeus's System of Classification
Grizzly bear
Black bear
Giant panda
Red fox
Abert squirrel
Coral snake
Sea star
Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level.
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35. Phylogeny is the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Evolutionary Classification
Phylogeny is the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.
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36. Cladogram - show features common to each group