1. Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Ch 4:
Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

2. Student Learning Outcomes (SLOs)
Compare and contrast the overall cell structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Identify the three basic shapes of bacteria.
Describe structure and function of the glycocalyx, flagella, fimbriae, and pili.
Compare and contrast the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, acid-fast bacteria, and mycoplasmas.
Differentiate between protoplasts and spheroplasts.
Describe the structure, chemistry, and functions of the prokaryotic plasma membrane.
Identify the functions of the nucleoid and ribosomes.
Describe the functions of endospores, sporulation, and endospore germination.
What you should remember from Bio 31:
Define organelle. Describe the functions of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes. Explain endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic evolution.

3. SLOs cont.: Check Your Understanding
What is the main feature that distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes?
How would you be able to identify streptococci through a microscope?
Why are bacterial capsules medically important?
How do bacteria move?
Why are drugs that target cell wall synthesis useful?
What happens to protoplasts and spheroplasts when put into hyper- or hyptonic solutions?
Where is the DNA located in a prokaryotic cell?
Under what conditions do endospores form?

4. Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Common features?
Distinctive features: ?

5. Prokaryotes: Size, Shape, Arrangement
Average size: µm  µm
Three basic shapes
Bacillus, -i
Coccus, -i
Spirals (Vibrio, Spirillum, Spirochete)
Most monomorphic, some pleomorphic
Variations in cell arrangements (esp. for cocci)
Review Figs. 4.1, 4.2, and 4.4

6. Spiral Bacteria
Figure 4.4

7. Pleomorphic Corynebacteria
Monomorphic E. coli

8. Cell Arrangement
Figs. 4.1 and 4.2

9. External Structures located outside of cell wall Glycocalyx
Flagellum /-a
Axial filaments
Fimbria /-ae
Pilus /-i
Foundation Fig. 4.6

10. Glycocalyx
Many bacteria secrete external surface layer composed of sticky polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both (= extracellular polymeric substance)
Capsule: organized and firmly attached to cell wall
Slime layer: unorganized and loosely attached
Allows cells to attach  key to biofilms
Prevents phagocytosis  virulence factor
E.g.: B. anthracis, S. pneumoniae, S. mutans

11. Flagellum – Flagella Anchored to wall and membrane
Number and placement determines if atrichous, monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, or peritrichous
Compare to Fig 4.7

12. Flagellar Arrangement
_______
___________

13. Motility Due to rotation of flagella
Mechanism of rotation: “Run and tumble”
Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis)
Chemotaxis (also phototaxis and magnetotaxis)
Flagella proteins are called H antigens (e.g., E. coli O157:H7)

14. “Run and Tumble”
Fig 4.9

15. Fimbriae and Pili
Pili: transfer DNA from one cell to another; also some role in motility
Fimbriae adhere  attachment

16. __________
__________
__________ ?

17. Cell Wall Rigid for shape & protection  prevents osmotic lysis
Consists of Peptidoglycan (murein)  polymer of 2 monosaccharide subunits
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
Linked by polypeptides (forming peptide cross bridges) with tetrapeptide side chain attached to NAM
Fully permeable to ions, aa, and sugars (Gram positive cell wall may regulate movement of cations)
Fig 4.12

18. Fig 4.13

19. Gram + Cell Wall Gram – Cell Wall
Thick layer of peptidoglycan
Negatively charged teichoic acid on surface
Thin peptidoglycan
Outer membrane
Periplasmic space

20. Gram-Positive Cell Walls
Teichoic acids
Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane
Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan
May regulate movement of cations
Polysaccharides provide antigenic variation
Fig.4.13b

21. Gram-negative Cell Wall
Lipid A of LPS acts as endotoxin; O polysaccharides are antigens for typing, e.g., E. coli O157:H7
Gram neg. bacteria are less sensitive to medications because outer membrane acts as additional barrier.
LPS layer = outer layer of outer membrane
Fig 4.13 c
(protein rich gel-like fluid)

22. Gram Stain Mechanism Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell.
Gram-positive
Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan
CV-I crystals do not leave
Gram-negative
Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan.
CV-I washes out
For further details and practical application see lab

23. Bacteria with No Cell Wall: Mycoplasmas
Instead, have cell membrane which incorporates cholesterol compounds (sterols), similar to eukaryotic cells
Cannot be detected by typical light microscopy
This EM of M. hyorhinis
Shape ?

24. Bacteria with Acid-fast Cell Walls
Genus Mycobacterium and Nocardia
mycolic acid (waxy lipid) covers thin peptidoglycan layer
Do not stain well with Gram stain  use acid-fast stain

25. Damage to Cell Wall Lysozyme digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan.
Penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan.
Protoplasts and
Spheroplasts

26. Internal Structures: Cell Membrane
Analogous to eukaryotic cell membrane:
Phospholipid bilayer with proteins (Fluid mosaic model)
Permeability barrier (selectively permeable)
Diffusion, osmosis and transport systems
Different from eukaryotic cell membrane:
Role in Energy transformation (electron transport chain for ATP production)
Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents), and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents.

27. Fig 4.14

28. Movement of Materials across Membranes
See Bio 31!
Review on your own if necessary (pages 92 – 94)

29. Cytoplasm and Internal Structures
Location of most biochemical activities
Nucleoid: nuclear region containing DNA (up to 3500 genes). Difference between human and bacterial chromosome?
Ribosomes (smaller than in eukaryotes)
Inclusion bodies: granules containing nutrients, monomers, Fe compounds (magnetosomes)

30. Plasmids: small, nonessential, circular DMA (5 – 100 genes)
Compare to Fig. 4.6
Plasmids: small, nonessential, circular DMA (5 – 100 genes)
Replicate independently

31. Endospores
For special staining technique: see lab!
Dormant, tough, non-reproductive structure;  germination  vegetative cells
Spore forming genera: __________
Resistance to UV and  radiation, desiccation, lysozyme, temperature, starvation, and chemical disinfectants
Relationship to disease
Sporulation: Endospore formation
Germination: Return to vegetative state

32. Sporulation
Fig. 4.21

33. The Eukaryotic Cell See BIO 30!
Review on your own if necessary (pages 94 – 102)

34. Clinical Case: Infection Detection
In the Clinic
Gram Stain of Urine 
the end
Clinical Case: Infection Detection