1. An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850 - 1871
Chapter 22
An Age of Nationalism and Realism,

2. The France of Napoleon III
Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire
Seized the government December 1851 when the National Assembly rejected his desire to stand for reelection
Universal male suffrage
Restoration of the Empire, November 21, 1852
The Second Napoleonic Empire
Authoritarian government
Legislative Corps
Economic prosperity
Reconstruction of Paris
Broad streets
Limited freedom
Opposition

3. Foreign policy: Crimean War
The Ottoman Empire
Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
Encroachment of the Russian Empire
Russian religious bonds with Greek Orthodox Christians
The War
Russian-Ottoman War, October 4, 1853
Britain and France declare war on Russia, March 28, 1854
British fear of Russian control of the Dardanelle
France felt Russians had insulted them
Destroys the Concert of Europe
War ends in 1856
Political effects of the war

4. Decline of the Ottoman Empire
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Decline of the Ottoman Empire

5. ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The Crimean War

6. National Unification: Italy and Germany
Unification of Italy
Kingdom of Savoy
Victor Emmanuel II,
Count Camillo di Cavour ( )
Napoleon III alliance with Piedmont, 1858
War with Austria, 1859
Plebiscites in northern Italy, 1860
Guiseppi Garibaldi ( )
Invasion of Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 1860
Kingdom of Italy, 1861
Annexation of Venetia, 1866
Annexation of Rome, 1870

7. The Unification of Italy
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The Unification of Italy

8. Unification of Germany
Zollverein
New constitution, 1848
William I,
Otto von Bismarck ( )
Realpolitik
Reorganization of the army
The Danish War (1864)
Schleswig and Holstein
Joint administration with Austria
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Austrian defeat at Königgrätz, July 3, 1866
North German Confederation
Military agreements with Prussia

9. The Unification of Germany

10. Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Throne of Spain
Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
French declaration of war, July 15, 1870
Battle of Sedan, September 2, 1870
Siege of Paris, capitulates January 28, 1871
Peace treaty: indemnity of 5 billion francs (about $1 billion); surrender of Alsace and Lorraine
William I proclaimed kaiser, January 8, 1871, of the Second German Empire
Nation Building and Reform: The National State in Mid-Century
The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy
Francis Joseph,
Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867
Dual monarchy
German and Magyars dominate minorities
Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria/King of Hungary
commonalities

11. ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Europe in 1871

12. Ethnic Groups in the Dual Monarchy
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Ethnic Groups in the Dual Monarchy

13. Great Britain: The Victorian Age
Imperial Russia
Alexander II,
Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861
Zemstvos (local assemblies)
Alexander Herzen ( ), populism
Alexander III
Great Britain: The Victorian Age
Queen Victoria,
Henry John Temple, Lord Palmerston ( )
Whig without strong party loyalty
Benjamin Disraeli ( )
Conservative
Extension of voting rights
Reform Act, 1867
William Gladstone ( )
Liberal
Reforms

14. The United States: Civil War and Reunion
Population growth, North and South
Cotton economy in the South
93% produced by slave labor by 1850
4 million slaves by 1860
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
Election of Abraham Lincoln, November 1860
Secession of South Carolina, December 20,1860
Civil War,
600,000 soldiers died
Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863
Emergence of the Canadian Nation
Rebellion, 1837
Canadian nation established by Parliament, 1867

15. The United States: The West and Civil War
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The United States: The West and Civil War

16. Industrialization and the Marxist Response
Industrialization on the Continent
Mechanization of cotton and textile industry
Railroads stimulate iron and coal industries
Iron industry modernized
Elimination of barriers to international trade
Joint-stock investment banks
Government allows and encourages
Weak trade unions

17. Science and Culture in an Age of Realism
Marx and Marxism
Karl Marx ( ) and Friedrich Engels ( ), Communist Manifesto, 1848
“Wage slavery”
Engels, The Conditions of the Working Class in England, 1844
Bourgeoisie and proletariat
Classless society
Marx, Das Kapital
Science and Culture in an Age of Realism
A New Age of Science
Dmitri Mendeleyev – atomic weights
Michael Faraday – generator

18. Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic Evolution
H.M.S. Beagle
On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection
The Descent of Man, 1871
Revolution in Health Care
Louis Pasteur ( ), bacteriology
Joseph Lister ( ), antiseptics
Training of doctors
New Public Health Measures
Medical associations
Women in Medicine
Elizabeth Blackwell ( )
Female Medical College of Pennsylvania

19. Science and the Study of Society
Auguste Comte ( ), System of Positive Philosophy
Positive knowledge
Math foundation on which the physical sciences built
Sociology
Realism in Literature and Art
The Realistic Novel
Gustave Flaubert ( ), Madame Bovary, 1857
William Thackeray ( ), Vanity Fair, 1848
Charles Dickens ( )
Realism in Art
Gustave Courbet ( )
Portrayal of everyday life
Jean-François Millet ( )
Scenes from rural life

20. Music: The Twilight of Romanticism
New German School -- emotional
Franz Liszt ( ) – piano
Richard Wagner ( ) – national opera
Gesamtkunstwerk (total art work)
The Ring of the Nibelung