1. Welcome to Social Studies 11!
Be prepared!
Come to class on time!
Bring your Cornell Note taking paper!
Bring your burning need to learn!
Bring your smiles and laughter!
Leave your unhappiness behind
We are about to go on a learning adventure together!

2. The Political Spectrum

3. The Political Spectrum
Communism
Socialism
Reform Liberalism
Classical Liberalism
Conservatism
Fascism

5. What is politics?
What comes to mind when you think of Political systems?
Mussolini 
Hitler

6. Democracy
Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens participate equally—either directly or through elected representatives—in the proposal, development, and creation of laws. It encompasses social, economic and cultural conditions that enable the free and equal practice of political self-determination.
Direct Democracy: Each citizen votes on the issue in question
Representative Democracy: Citizens elect a representative from a pool of candidates (generally representative of a political ideology) to represent their interests to government

7. Monarchy
A monarchy (or kingdom, when ruled by a King or Queen) is a form of government in which sovereignty is actually or nominally embodied in a single individual
Forms of monarchy differ widely based on the level of legal autonomy the monarch holds, the method of selection of the monarch, and any predetermined limits on the length of their term in office.
When the monarch has no or few legal restraints in state and political matters, it is called an absolute monarchy and is a form of autocracy. Cases in which the monarch's discretion is formally limited (most common today) are called constitutional monarchies.
Canada’s government is a Constitutional Monarchy

8. Totalitarian and Autocracies
Totalitarianism or totalitarian state is a term used to describe a political system in which the state holds total authority over the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life wherever possible.
The concept of totalitarianism was first developed in a positive sense in the 1920s by the Italian fascists.
The concept became prominent during the Cold War era, in order to highlight perceived similarities between Nazi Germany and other Fascist states on the one hand, and Soviet Communist Party states on the other.
Autocracies: An autocratic state is a system of government in which all of the power is concentrated in the hands of one person, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints or elections (except perhaps for the threat of a coup d'état or revolution).

9. Federalism and the Federal system
Canadian federalism is concerned with the nature and historical development of federal systems within Canada. Canada is a federation with two distinct jurisdictions of political authority: the country-wide federal government and the ten provincial governments.
It has three territorial governments in the far north that exercise powers under the authority of the Parliament of Canada. All three jurisdictions are linked together by the Canadian Crown, from which all derive their power and authority; each government includes the Queen-in-Parliament, the Queen-in-Council, and the Queen-on-the-Bench.
The federal parliament and the provincial assemblies are generally independent of one another in their respective areas of legislative authority.
Shared sectors include agriculture and immigration, but most are either entirely within federal jurisdiction, such as foreign affairs and telecommunications, or entirely within provincial jurisdiction, such as education and healthcare.

10. Conservatism Basic Principles: Tradition Social Stability
Society as Functional
Order
All individuals work for the collective good by fulfilling their role in their social station in the social structure.

11. Conservatism (cont’d)
Historical Origin:
18th Century
Feudal Society
Role of Government:
Rules in the interest the social order, the interest of the wealthy
Minimal / modest role for government

12. Conservatism (cont’d)
Individual:
subservient to the collective good
Human Nature:
innate and fixed
must be regulated

13. Conservatism (cont’d)
Economic Base:
Agrarian to Capitalist to . . .
Economic Freedom: High
Economic Equality: Low
Freedom of Thought and Belief: High
Freedom of Expression: Moderate

14. Conservatism (cont’d)
Country & Time:
England and Canada: early to late 19th Century
Writer / Theorist:
William Paley

15. Classical Liberalism Basic Principles:
Supremacy of Individual Liberty and Rights
The greatest good for all results from unrestricted freedom of the individual
Individual freedom: political, economic
Progress is good, and results from individual freedom of action

16. Classical Liberalism (cont’d)
Competition and struggle for existence amongst all is good
Each person achieves according to their innate ability
Meritocracy
Government impedes individual liberty, personal, political and economic, to the detriment of all
Modelled on a view of nature as competitive, survival of the fittest

17. Classical Liberalism (cont’d)
Historical Origin:
England in the 1830’s
Role of Government:
Absolute minimum
A negative force
It detracts from the liberty of the individual

18. Classical Liberalism (cont’d)
Individual
Should have complete and unrestricted freedom: political and economic
Human Nature:
Inherently acts on self-interest
and selfishness

19. Classical Liberalism (cont’d)
Economic Base:
Industrialization to Capitalism to . . .
Economic Freedom: Very high
Economic Equality: Very Low
Freedom of Thought and Belief: Very High
Freedom of Expression: Very High

20. Classical Liberalism (cont’d)
Country & Time:
England and the U.S. in late 19th Century
Writer / Theorist:
Adam Smith
Thomas Huxley
William Spencer
Thomas Huxley

21. Reform Liberalism Basic Principles:
Individual freedom must be tempered by collective action for the improvement of individual and collective welfare
Progress is good, change is good
Inequalities of opportunity exist in the social structure, and government should address this to provide equality of opportunity for all

22. Reform Liberalism (cont’d)
Historical Origin:
England and North America in the late 19th and early 20th Century
Role of Government:
has a positive role in society and the economy
government intervention to regulate and manage the economy for the wellbeing of all
government intervenes to protect minority rights

23. Reform Liberalism (cont’d)
Individual:
a primary value
individual liberty and freedom is important, but government action is necessary to ensure this for all
Human Nature:
basically good
government creates social conditions that allow individuals to flourish

24. Reform Liberalism (cont’d)
Economic Base:
Industrial to Capitalist to . . .
Economic Freedom: High
Economic Equality: Moderate
Freedom of Thought and Belief: Very High
Freedom of Expression: High

25. Reform Liberalism (cont’d)
Country & Time:
England and Canada in the early 20th Century
Writer/Theorist: John Maynard Keynes

26. Socialism Basic Principles:
An economic and class understanding of society
Economic classes have conflicting interests, and society evolves towards power in the hands of the working class.
The collective good takes precedence over self-interest of individuals
Humans are fundamentally social beings and their fulfillment is in social groups

27. Socialism (cont’d) Historical Origin: Role of Government:
England in the 19th Century
Role of Government:
The government intervenes to prevent economic exploitation of workers by capitalists
The government manages the economy in the interest of the citizens to ensure the economic wellbeing of all.
Public or collective ownership over the resources and infrastructure of the society

28. Socialism (cont’d) Individual Human Nature:
The rights and desires of individuals are subordinate to the wellbeing and welfare of the majority
Human Nature:
Humans are fundamentally social beings and their fulfillment is in social groups

29. Socialism (cont’d) Economic Base: Economic Freedom: Low
Industrial
Collective or public ownership of resources and industry
Economic Freedom: Low
Economic Equality: High
Freedom of Thought and Belief: High
Freedom of Expression: Moderate

30. Socialism (cont’d) Country & Time:
Northern Europe Early 19th Century
Writer / Theorist: Robert Owen, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Henri de Saint-Simon
Jean-Jacques Rousseau

31. Communism Basic Principles: An economic class understanding of society
A determinist understand of an inevitable historical evolution to a classless society based on the conflict between the working class and the capitalist class
A strong central government is necessary to impose government control of the resources, industry and productive base of the society in the interests of all
Totalitarian

32. Communism (cont’d) Historical Origin: Role of Government: U.S.S.R.
highly interventionist in the politics and economy of the country

33. In Soviet Russia…
NOTES TAKE YOU!

34. Communism (cont’d) Individual: Human Nature:
individuals are subordinate to the wellbeing and interests of all
Human Nature:
Humans are fundamentally social beings and their fulfillment is in social groups
Stalin 

35. Communism (cont’d) Economic Base: Economic Freedom: Very Low
Industrial, sometimes agrarian
State capitalist?
Economic Freedom: Very Low
Economic Equality: Very High
Freedom of Thought and Belief: Low
Freedom of Expression: Low

36. Communism (cont’d) Country & Time: Writer / Theorist:
U.S.S.R,
China, post 1949 (Mao Zedong)
Writer / Theorist:
Lenin
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
(co-author’s of communist manifesto)
Note: Divergence between Communism as a philosophy and historical political system

37. Russian Civil War Era Speech
Hearing Lenin
Russian Civil War Era Speech
Russian Ideologist and Communist leader Vladimir Lenin speaking during the Russian Civil War ( )

38. Fascism Basic Principles:
An ultra-conservative and ultra-nationalist approach to social structure
The good social order is achieved by a totalitarian state that manages society and the economy towards military and state power
Complete government and state regulation of individuals’ rights and the economy in the interest of the state
Glorification of a past ideal time and military power

39. Adolf Hitler 

40. Fascism (cont’d) Historical Origin: Role of Government:
Italy in the 1920’s
Germany in the 1930’s
Role of Government:
The government is the supreme power in society, and directs the political and economic system in the interest of the fascist state

41. Fascism (cont’d) Individual: Human Nature:
The individual is completely subordinate to the interests of the state
Human Nature:
human fulfillment is found in serving the interests of the fascist state

42. Fascism (cont’d) Economic Base: Economic Freedom: Low
Industrial and capitalist
Capitalist production is directed by the state for the interests of the state
Economic Freedom: Low
Economic Equality: Low
Freedom of Thought and Belief: Low
Freedom of Expression: Very Low

43. Fascism (cont’d) Country & Time: Writer / Theorist:
Italy in the 1920s and 1930s
Germany in the 1930s
Writer / Theorist:
Benito Mussolini 

44. Hitler’s Beer hall Speech
Footage taken from a movie depicting Hitler speaking to a crowded Munich beer hall, typical of his early methods of spreading his ideals.

46. That’s It !!!