1. Basic Chemistry Review for APES What is MATTER? What is Energy?

2. Key Concepts Science as a process for understanding
Components and regulation of systems
Matter: forms, quality, and how it changes; laws of matter
Energy: forms, quality, and how it changes; laws of energy
Nuclear changes and radioactivity

3. Science, Environmental Science, and Critical Thinking
Scientific data
Scientific hypotheses
Scientific (natural) laws
Scientific theories
Consensus science
Frontier science
Make new
predictions
Do experiments
and collect data
Well-tested and accepted
patterns in the data become
scientific laws
hypotheses become
scientific theories
Make or revise
hypotheses
Fig. 3.2, p. 45

4. Models and Behavior of Systems
Inputs
Flows (throughputs)
Stores (storage areas)
Outputs

5. Positive feedback loop Negative feedback loop
System Regulation
Positive Feedback
Homeostasis
Negative Feedback
Time Delay
Synergy
Rate of metabolic
chemical reactions
Heat input
from sun and
metabolism
Heat loss
from air
cooling skin
Heat in body
Positive feedback loop
Blood
temperature in
hypothalamus
Excess
temperature
perceived by brain
Sweat production
by skin
Negative feedback loop
Fig. 3.4, p. 51

6. Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
Elements
Compounds
Molecules
Mixtures

7. Atoms Subatomic Particles Protons Neutrons Electrons
Atomic Characteristics
Atomic number
Ions
Atomic mass
Isotopes

8. Examples of Atoms 143 n 146 n 92 p 0 n 1 p 1 n 2 n Hydrogen (H) 1e
Mass number = = 1
Hydrogen-1
(99.98%)
Mass number = = 2
Hydrogen-2
or deuterium
(0.015%)
Mass number = = 3
Hydrogen-3
or tritium (T)
(trace)
Uranium (U)
143 n
92 p
146 n
92e
Mass number = = 235
Uranium-235
(0.7%)
Mass number = = 238
Uranium-238
(99.3%)
Fig. 3.6, p. 55

9. Chemical Bonds Chemical formulas Ionic bonds Covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds

10. Organic Compounds Organic vs. inorganic compounds Hydrocarbons
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Chlorofluorocarbons
Simple carbohydrates
Complex carbohydrates
Proteins

11. Genetic Material Nucleic acids Genes Chromosomes Gene mutations The
human
body
contains
about 100
trillion
cells.
There is a
nucleus
inside
each
human cell
(except red
blood cells).
Each
contains 46
chromosomes,
arranged
in 23
pairs.
One
chromosome
of every
pair
is from
parent.
chromosomes
are filled
with tightly
coiled
strands
of DNA.
Genes are segments of DNA
that contain instructions to
make proteins—the building
blocks of life. There are
approximately 140,000 genes
in each cell, each coded by
sequences of nucleotides in
its DNA molecules. G T A C
Fig. 3.8, p. 57

12. Matter Quality and Material Efficiency
High-quality matter
High Quality
Solid
Salt
Coal
Gasoline
Aluminum can
Low Quality
Gas
Solution of salt in water
Coal-fired power
plant emissions
Automobile emissions
Aluminum ore
Low-quality matter
Entropy
Material efficiency (resource productivity)
Fig. 3.9, p. 57

13. Review -Acids and Bases

14. Nonionizing radiation
Energy: Forms
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Heat
Sun
High energy, short
wavelength
Low energy, long
Ionizing radiation
Nonionizing radiation
Cosmic
rays
Gamma
X rays
Far
ultraviolet
waves
Near
Visible
infrared
microwaves TV
Radio
Wavelength
in meters
(not to scale)
10-14
10-12
10-8
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-3
10-2
10-1 1
Fig. 3.10, p. 58

15. Relative Energy Quality
Electricity
Very high temperature
heat (greater than 2,500°C)
Nuclear fission (uranium)
Nuclear fusion (deuterium)
Concentrated sunlight
High-velocity wind
High-temperature heat
(1,000–2,500°C)
Hydrogen gas
Natural gas
Gasoline
Coal
Food
Normal sunlight
Moderate-velocity wind
High-velocity water flow
Concentrated
geothermal energy
Moderate-temperature heat
(100–1,000°C)
Wood and crop wastes
Dispersed geothermal energy
Low-temperature heat
(100°C or lower)
Very high
High
Moderate
Low
Source of Energy
Relative Energy Quality
(usefulness)
Energy tasks
Very high-temperature heat
(greater than 2,500°C)
for industrial processes
and producing electricity to
run electrical devices
(lights, motors)
Mechanical motion (to move
vehicles and other things)
(1,000–2,500°C) for
industrial processes and
producing electricity
(100–1,000°C) for industrial
processes, cooking,
producing steam,
electricity, and hot water
(100°C or less) for
space heating
High-quality energy
Low-quality energy
Fig. 3.11, p. 59

16. Physical and Chemical Changes
Energy absorbed
Melting
Freezing
Evaporation
And boiling
Condensation
solid
liquid
gas
Energy released
Fig. 3.5, p. 54
Reactant(s)
carbon oxygen
C O2
CO energy
carbon dioxide energy
+ energy
Products(s)
black solid
colorless gas C O
In-text, p. 59

17. The Law of Conservation of Matter
Matter is not consumed
Matter only changes form
There is no “away”

18. Matter and Pollution Chemical nature of pollutants Concentration
Persistence
Degradable (nonpersistent) pollutants
Biodegradable pollutants
Slowly degradable (persistent) pollutants
Nondegradable pollutants

19. Natural radioactive decay Radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes)
Nuclear Changes
Natural radioactive decay
Radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes)
Gamma rays
Sheet
of paper
Block
of wood
Concrete
wall
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Alpha particles
Beta particles
Half life
Ionizing radiation
Fig. 3.12, p. 62

20. Nuclear Reactions Fission Fusion Fig. 3.16, p. 64 Fig. 3.17, p. 64
Fuel
Reaction Conditions
Products
D-T Fusion
Hydrogen-2 or
deuterium nucleus
Hydrogen-3 or
tritium nucleus
D-D Fusion +
Neutron
Energy
Helium-4
nucleus
Helium-3
100 million ˚C
1 billion ˚C
Proton n U
235 92 36 Kr Ba
141 56
Fig. 3.16, p. 64
Fig. 3.17, p. 64

21. Fraction of original amount of1
Fraction of original amount of
plutonium-239 left
1/2
1/4
1/8
1st
half-life
2nd
half-life
3rd
half-life
240,000
480,000
720,000
Fig. 3.13, p. 62
Time (years)

22. Natural sources 82% Human-generated 18% Other 1% Consumer Radon
products 3%
Radon
55%
Nuclear
medicine 4%
Medical
X rays
10%
Space 8%
Earth 8%
The
human
body
11%
Natural sources 82%
Human-generated 18%
Fig. 3.14, p. 63

23. The First Ironclad Law of Energy
First Law of Thermodynamics (Energy)
Energy is neither created nor destroyed
Energy only changes form
You can’t get something for nothing
ENERGY IN = ENERGY OUT

24. Chemical Solar Chemical energy energy energy (food) Mechanical energy
(photosynthesis)
Mechanical
energy
(moving,
thinking,
living)
Waste
heat
Waste
heat
Waste
heat
Waste
heat
Fig. 3.18, p. 66

25. The Second Ironclad Law of Energy
Second Law of Thermodynamics
In every transformation, some energy is converted to heat
You cannot break even in terms of energy quality

26. Connections: Matter and Energy Laws and Environmental Problems
High-throughput (waste) economy
Matter-recycling economy
Low-throughput economy
Inputs
(from environment)
High-quality
energy
Matter
System
Throughputs
Output
(intro environment)
Unsustainable
high-waste
economy
Low-quality
heat
Waste
matter
and
pollution
Fig. 3.19, p. 66
See Fig. 3.20, p. 67