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Reproductive System
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A sex cell is known as a gamete
The male sex cell (or gamete) is called sperm; the female sex cell (or gamete) is called the egg
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Fertilisation occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg
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Fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tube
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Part Function Ovary To produce eggs Fallopian tube To carry the egg towards the womb. Fertilisation occurs here. Womb (uterus) To hold the baby during pregnancy Cervix The entrance to the womb Vagina To hold the penis during sexual intercourse. To allow childbirth
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To carry sperm from the testes to the penis
Part Function Testes To produce sperm Scrotum To hold the testes outside body, which favours sperm production (temp = 2oC lower) Sperm duct To carry sperm from the testes to the penis Prostate gland To produce fluids which nourish the sperm (fluid + sperm = semen) Penis To deliver sperm into the woman’s body
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The menstrual cycle Menstruation is the shedding of the lining of the uterus The menstrual cycle lasts about 28 days and menstruation occurs at the start of the cycle
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In Each Menstrual Cycle:
Day 1 –5: The lining of the uterus breaks down and passes out of the body (a period occurs) Day 6 – 13: A new lining forms in the uertus and a new egg develops in the ovary Day 14: An egg is released from the ovary (ovulation) Day 15 – 28: The lining of the uterus remains in place until the next menstrual cylce
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Fertile Period These are the days on which pregnancy is most likely to occur. Typically this is from days 11 –16.
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Ovulation The release of the egg from the ovary
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Sexual intercourse occurs when the erect penis of the male is placed in the vagina of the female
Fertilisation is the fusion between male and female gametes (sperm and egg) resulting in a zygote A zygote undergoes cell division and develops within the womb into a foetus
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Implantation occurs when the dividing zygote attaches itself to the lining of the uterus.
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Pregnancy: the foetus inside the womb
Implantation occurs when the dividing zygote (ball of cells) attaches itself to the lining of the uterus. Human pregnancy usually lasts about 40 weeks After 8 weeks the embryo is recognisable as a human and is the called a foetus. Placenta acts as a link between the mother’s bloodstream and that of the developing embryo (it brings in nutrients and takes away waste).
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Nutrients Waste Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Food Urea Alcohol/Drugs Salts
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Pregnancy This is the length of time the baby spends developing in the uterus.
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During Pregnancy: • The baby is surrounded by a membrane called amnion • Amniotic fluid surrounds and protects the baby • The umbilical cord connects the baby and placenta • The placenta allows substances to be exchanged between the mother and the baby
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The birth itself Contractions begin (muscles in the uterus contract).
‘breaking of the waters’ (liquid, or amniotic fluid or fluid escapes). Cervix dilates(widens). The baby is pushed through the cervix (into the vagina)
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Contraception
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TWO TYPES CHEMICAL PHYSICAL
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Chemical Contraception
• Some pills prevents the embryo implanting in the uterus
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Physical contraception
Avoiding intercourse at certain times Using a condom, a cap or chemicals to kill sperm
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Surgical Contraception
• Surgery to close off the sperm ducts (Vasectomy) or fallopian tubes.
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