1. FOREARM

2. The Fore arm is divided into :
Anterior / Flexor compartment
Posterior / Extensor compartment

3. Contents of anterior compartment:
It is occupied by muscles, blood vessels and nerves
Muscles:
These are arranged in superficial and deep groups
Blood Vessels:
The radial and ulnar arteries form the main blood vessels of the forearm
Nerves:
The median and ulnar nerves supply the muscles of the anterior compartment

4. Flexor muscles of forearm:
Muscles are arranged into Superficial and Deep groups
Superficial flexor muscles:
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis

5. 1.Pronator teres: Origin: It arises by two heads: Humeral head:
Medial supracondylar ridge of humerus and from medial epicondyle of humerus
Ulnar head:
Medial border of the coronoid process of ulna
FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS
PRONATOR TERES

6. Insertion: Nerve supply: Actions:
Middle of the lateral surface of shaft of radius
Nerve supply:
Median nerve
Actions:
Pronation of forearm
Weak flexor of the elbow joint

7. 2.Flexor carpi radialis:
Origin:
Medial epicondyle as common origin of the superficial flexor muscles
Flexor carpi radialis

8. Insertion: Nerve supply: Actions:
Palmar surfaces of the bases of the second and third metacarpal bones
Nerve supply:
Median nerve
Actions:
Flexor of the wrist
Combined action of flexor carpi radialis longus and brevis produce abduction of the wrist

9. 3.Palmaris longus: Origin: Insertion:
Medial epicondyle as common origin of the superficial flexor muscles
Insertion:
Palmaris longus
It continuous as a central part of palmar aponeurosis

10. Nerve supply:
Median nerve
Actions:
Weak flexor of the wrist

11. 4.Flexor carpi ulnaris: Origin: It arises by two heads: Humeral head:
Medial epicondyle along with superficial group of flexor muscles
Ulnar head:
Medial margin of olecranon process and upper two third of the posterior border of ulna

12. Insertion:
Pisiform bone, pisometacarpal ligament, pisohamate ligament, hook of hamate
Piso
metacarpal ligament
Pisohamate ligament

13. Nerve supply: Actions: Ulnar nerve Flexor of the wrist
Combined action of flexor carpi and extensor carpi produces adduction of wrist joint

14. 5.Flexor digitorum superficialis:
Origin:
It arises by two heads:
FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS
Humeral ulnar head:
Medial epicondyle and from medial margin of the coronoid process of ulna
radial head:
Whole length of anterior oblique line of the radius
PRONATOR TERES

15. Insertion:
Sides of the shaft of middle phalanx of the medial four digits

17. Nerve supply: Actions: Median nerve
Flexor of the middle phalanx at the proximal interphalangeal joint

18. Deep flexors muscles:
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor digitorum profundus
Pronator quadratus

19. 1.Flexor pollicis longus:
Origin:
Anterior surface of shaft of radius
Adjacent interosseus membrane

20. Insertion: Nerve supply: Actions:
Palmar surface of the base of distal phalanx of the thumb
Nerve supply:
Anterior interosseous branch of median nerve
Actions:
Flexor of the thumb

21. 2.Flexor digitorum profundus:
Origin:
Anterior and medial surface shaft of the upper three fourths of the ulna, including coronoid and olecranon processes
Adjacent interosseus membrane
Upper three fourth of the posterior border of ulna

22. Insertion: Nerve supply: Actions:
Palmar surface of the base of terminal phalanx of the medial four fingers
Nerve supply:
Medial part: Ulnar nerve
Lateral part: Anterior interosseus
Actions:
Flexes the terminal phalanges

24. 3.Pronator quadratus: Origin:
Anterior surface of the lower one fourth of the ulna
Pronator quadratus

25. Insertion: Ulnar notch
Superficial fibers inserts to the anterior surface of lower one fourth of radius
Deep fibers are inserted to triangular area just above the ulnar notch
Ulnar notch

26. Nerve supply: Actions: Anterior interosseous nerve
Superficial fibers are principal pronators of forearm
Deep fibers prevents the seperation of the lower part of radius and ulna

27. Functional classification of flexor muscles of forearm:
1. Flexors of the wrist:
Flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris
2. Flexors of the middle phalanges:
Flexor digitorum superficialis
3. Flexors of the distal phalanges:
Flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus
4. Pronators of the forearm:
Pronator teres and pronator quadratus

28. Posterior compartment of forearm:
Superficial group
Deep group

29. They are seven in number and are divided into: Lateral group
Superficial group:
They are seven in number and are divided into:
Lateral group
Posterior group
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Anconeus

30. 1.Brachioradialis: Origin:
Upper two – third of lateral supracondylar ridge and from the lateral intermuscular septum

31. Insertion: Nerve supply: Action:
Base of the styloid process of the radius
Nerve supply:
Radial nerve
Action:
Flexor of elbow joint
Styloid process

32. Extensor carpi radialis longus:
Origin:
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Lower one – third of lateral supracondylar ridge and from the lateral intermuscular septum
Extensor carpi radialis brevis

33. Insertion: Nerve supply:
Dorsal surface of the base of second metacarpal bone
Nerve supply:
Radial nerve
Insertion of Extensor carpi radialis longus

34. Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Origin:
Common extensor origin from the front of the lateral epicondyle
Extensor carpi radialis brevis

35. Insertion: Nerve supply:
Dorsal surface of second and third metacarpal bones
Nerve supply:
Posterior interosseous nerve
Insertion of Extensor carpi radialis brevis

36. Action: Actions of extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
Both radial extensors along with extensor carpi ulnaris produce extension of the wrist
Both radial extensors along with flexor carpi radialis act as abductors of the wrist

37. Extensor digitorum: Origin:
Front of lateral epicondyle as common extensor origin
Extensor digitorum

38. Insertion:
Each extensor tendon covers the dorsal surface of the metacarpal head and proximal phalanx and forms a triangular dorsal digital expansion

39. Nerve supply: Action: Posterior interosseous nerve
Prime movers for extension at metacarpo-phalangeal and interphalangeal joints

40. Extensor digiti minimi:
Origin:
From common extensor tendon
Extensor digiti minimi
Insertion:
Dorsal digital expansion

41. Nerve supply: Action: Posterior interosseous nerve
It extends the little finger and assists the action of extensor digitorum

42. Extensor carpi ulnaris
Origin:
From lateral epicondyle as common extensor tendon
From subcutaneous posterior border of ulna
Extensor carpi ulnaris

43. Insertion: Nerve supply:
Tubercle on the medial side of the base of fifth metacarpal bone
Insertion of Extensor carpi ulnaris
Nerve supply:
Posterior interosseous nerve

44. Action:
Simultaneous contraction with extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis produces extension of wrist
Combined actions of extensor and flexor carpi ulnaris produce adduction of the wrist

45. Anconeus:
Origin:
Posterior surface of the lateral epicondyle

46. Insertion: Nerve supply: Action:
Posterior view of Ulna
Insertion:
Lateral surface of the olecranon process and upper one-fourth of the posterior surface of the shaft of ulna
Anconeus
Nerve supply:
Radial nerve
Action:
Extensor of elbow joint

47. Deep group of extensor muscles:
Supinator
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor indices

48. Supinator: Origin: Superficial fibers arises from lateral epicondyle
Superficial head
Origin:
Deep head
Superficial fibers arises from lateral epicondyle
Deep fibers arises from supinator crest of ulna
Lateral view of ulna

49. Insertion:
Superficial and deep fibers are attached to the upper one-third of the anterior part of the lateral surface of radius

50. Nerve supply: Action: Posterior interosseous nerve
Supinator in extended elbow

51. Abductor pollicis longus
Origin:
Posterior surface of radius and ulna and intervening interosseous membrane
Abductor pollicis longus
Posterior view

52. Nerve supply: Action: Posterior interosseous nerve
Abductor and extensor of the thumb

53. Origin of Extensor policis brevis
Extensor pollicis brevis:
Origin:
Posterior surface of radius and adjacent interosseous membrane
Origin of Extensor policis brevis

54. Insertion of Extensor policis brevis
Dorsal surface of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
Nerve supply:
Posterior interosseous nerve
Action:
Extends the proximal phalanx of the thumb
Insertion of Extensor policis brevis

55. Extensor policis longus
Extensor pollicis longus:
Origin:
Posterior surface of ulna and adjacent interosseous membrane
Origin of
Extensor policis longus

56. Extensor policis longus
Insertion:
Base of distal phalanx of the thumb
Nerve supply:
Posterior interosseous nerve
Action:
Extends the distal phalanx of the thumb
Insertion of
Extensor policis longus

57. Extensor indices: Origin:
Posterior surface of ulna and adjacent interosseous membrane
Origin of
Extensor indices

58. Insertion: Nerve supply: Action: Dorsal digital expansion
Posterior interosseous nerve
Action:
Extends the index finger

59. END
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60. Anatomical snuff box: Boundaries: Laterally: Medially:
It is a triangular depression on the radial side of the wrist
Boundaries:
Laterally:
Tendons of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis
Medially:
Tendon of extensor pollicis longus

61. Content: Radial artery
Roof:
Skin and fasciae
Floor:
Styloid process of radius, scaphoid, trapezium and base of first metacarpal bone
Content: Radial artery

62. Extensor retinaculum:
Ulna
Derived from deep fascia
Attachments:
Laterally:
Anterior border of radius
Medially:
Pisiform and Triquetral bone