1. WHAT KIND OF UNIVERSE DO YOU LIVE IN?
What is the fate of the Universe?

2. History of the Universe in a Nutshell
time
History of the Universe in a Nutshell
14 billion yrs
galaxies form
1 billion yrs
atoms form
380,000 yrs
3 min
nuclei form
time

3. As the universe expanded it cooled and its density decreased
This is what drove all the physics: temperature and density
Today the universe is 2.73 degrees Kelvin (absolute)

4. Structure Formation (Galaxies) Driven by gravity…
Dark matter is immune to temperature of normal matter (doesn’t interact with light).
Dark matter has always been “cold” and so contracted under gravity and thus provided gravity seeds for overall structure growth.
Compare real (above) to model (left)

5. We used to teach 3 possible fates:
OPEN density < “critical”; forever expanding
FLAT density = “critical”; expanding, but forever slowing
CLOSED - density > “critical”; expanding, then contracting and collapse
All we had to do was determine what the density of the universe is compared to the critical density!
Closed Flat Open

7. Angular variations in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background provide clues to geometry of the universe.
Most angular variations are about 1 degree apart. They indicate that the universe has a flat geometry…

8. The Universe is Flat!
If the universe is flat, then it has 100% of the critical density!
We would expect that normal matter comprises all the density, right?

9. Measurements of the abundance of deuterium and lithium (relative to hydrogen) indicate that normal matter comprises only 4% of the critical density!
How can this be?
The universe has critical density, but matter is only 4%
What is the remaining 96% of the density of the universe?

10. But, 90% of matter is actually dark matter!
In galaxies, the rotation speeds indicate that 90% of the matter is invisible, i.e. dark matter.
In galaxy clusters, the confined hot X-ray gas also indicates that 90% of the matter is invisible, i.e. dark.
Hmmm, that still accounts for only about 30% of the critical density!!!
Where is the additional 70% that is required for a flat “critical” universe?

11. And then… all hell broke loose with the supernovae distances...
Standard Candles: Supernovae
Surveys of SNe yielded a surprising result: the peak brightness of the SNe is lower than predicted by Hubble’s law!
This means that the SNe are farther away than if the expansion rate of the universe were just coasting and slowing down under gravity…
Something is forcing space to expand faster and faster with time!
The expansion is not slowing down with time… it is accelerating!!!

12. Precision Cosmology? MATTER + DARK MATTER + DARK ENERGY = TOTAL
In Einstein’s equations, there is an anti-gravity term called the cosmological constant; at first Einstein thought it was a mistake… we now know it is a mysterious form of energy density, we call it dark energy.
MATTER + DARK MATTER + DARK ENERGY = TOTAL
4% % % = 100%
We know that the total matter/energy density is 100% of the critical value (the universe is flat)… But, we know only what 4% of the total matter/energy density is!!!!!

13. So, after the Big Bang, the universe decelerated as it expanded, and about 6 billion years ago it started accelerating as dark energy began to dominate gravity
This may sound crazy!
But, X-ray observations of galaxy clusters help determine the distances to the clusters.
The results indicate that the universal expansion was slowing down at times further back than 6 billion years ago.
So, yes
Deceleration…
Then…
Acceleration.

14. We now speculate that the universe will continue accelerating and, if dark energy continues to grow in strength will end in what is called the Big Rip!
Big Rip?
Right? And what will we be saying in 10 years from now?

15. Whatever you do in this life….
Stay tuned to ASTRONOMY!
Good luck and best wishes for you endeavors!