1. Introduction to Zoology
BIO 2215
Oklahoma City Community College
Dennis Anderson

2. Zoology
Scientific study of the diversity of animal life

3. Why Study Zoology?

4. Understand the natural world

5. Learn to protect the environment

6. Develop skills for learning

7. Myths To Explain Biological Processes
Disease caused by evil spirits
Brain produces snot
Blood determines heredity
Heart is for emotions

8. How Does Science Separate Myths from Reality?
Scientific Method

9. Scientific Method Observation Hypothesis Test Hypothesis Conclusion
Prediction
Test Hypothesis
Experiment
Further Observations
Conclusion

10. Edward Jenner
Smallpox
Scientific method

11. Observation
Smallpox is deadly

12. Observation
Survivors are immune

13. Observation
Milkmaids do not get smallpox

14. Observation
Milkmaids get cowpox from cows

15. Cowpox Makes You Immune to Smallpox
Hypothesis
Cowpox Makes You Immune to Smallpox

16. Prediction
If you are exposed to cowpox, you will be immune to smallpox

17. Experiment

18. Results
Boy did not get smallpox

19. Conclusion
Hypothesis supported

20. Robert Koch 1843-1910 Identified the bacterium that causes anthrax
Identified the bacterium that causes tuberculosis

21. Louis Pasteur 1822-1895 Developed vaccines for rabies and anthrax
Demonstrated the existence of germs
Invented Pasteurization

22. A New Scientific Theory Explains the Observations of Many Scientists
Edward Jenner
Smallpox
Louis Pasteur
Rabies and anthrax
Robert Koch
Tuberculosis and anthrax

23. Germ Theory of Disease Germs cause disease
Predictions of the Germ Theory
Many diseases are caused by germs
Diptheria
Whooping cough
Measles
Plague
Modern medicine uses the Germ Theory to guide research

24. Ramifications of Germ Theory
Previous concepts about the cause of many diseases incorrect
Evil spirits
Bad thoughts
Excess blood

25. Theory vrs Scientific Theory
Theory (as used outside of science)
Guess
Speculation
Has not been tested

26. Scientific Theory Principle Tested many times
Explains many different phenomena
Makes predictions
Falsifiable

27. Falsify Germ Theory Smallpox occurs without the smallpox virus
Tuberculosis occurs without the TB bacterium
Discovery of a different type of cause for infectious diseases
Cell phones
Computer screens
Lack of exercise

28. Jeff’s Lost Dog Jeff’s beloved dog is missing (observation)
Jeff thinks the dog has run away (hypothesis)
What can falsify his hypothesis?
Jeff finds his dog asleep in the house
I love my dog

29. Testing Hypotheses Observation Experiment
Jeff found his dog asleep in the house
Scientists find the same bacterium in the bodies of people who die of the plague
Experiment
Jenner vaccinates boy with cowpox and later infects him with smallpox. The boy does not get smallpox.

30. 100 Sick People Experimental group Control group 50 People 50 People
Medicine X
Control group
50 People
Placebo

31. Three Days Later Experimental group Control group 34 Better 33 Better
Medicine X
Control group
33 Better
Placebo

32. Three Days Later Experimental group Control group 34 Better 5 Better
Medicine X
Control group
5 Better
Placebo

33. Why does this frog have extra legs?
Website

34. Law vrs Theory Law Theory
Observation that has been repeated numerous times
Law of gravity
Does not explain the observation
Theory
Explains why or how something in nature happens

35. Which is most important to a scientist?
Fact
Hypothesis
Law
Theory

36. Theory is the most important
Explains laws, hypotheses and facts
Law
States what happens
Hypothesis
Untested theory
Fact
Observation

37. Major Scientific Theories
Germ Theory of Disease
Germs cause infectious disease
Atomic Theory
Matter is made if tiny atoms
Gene Theory (Chromosomal Theory)
Genes on chromosomes determine heredity
Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells

38. Theory of Evolution Populations of organisms change over time
Changes result in new species that share a common ancestor.

39. Evolution is both a fact and a theory
Evolution is documented in the fossil record and has been observed in our lifetime.
Theory
How evolution happens

40. Theory of Evolution
Scientists no longer ask if evolution occurs. They study how evolution occurs.
Evolution is the major theory that guides research in Zoology

41. Science A body of knowledge gained from studying the natural world
It is tested against the natural world
Does not use supernatural explanations
Its conclusions are not absolute.
New discoveries can revise previous conclusions
It is falsifiable

42. The End