1. Protein Transformation
Genetic Engineering
Protein Transformation
Electrophoresis
Cloning
GMO’s
Crispr –Cas9
Stem Cells?

2. Transformation
Plasmid
Restriction Enzyme
Plasmid - circular DNA with genes of interest (naturally or man-made)
Bacteria - prokaryote with its own DNA, used to clone the plasmid (E. coli)
LB Agar - (Luria Broth) - nutrient source for the bacteria
Clone - to make a genetically identical copy
- in this case via binary fission of E. coli
FP - Fluorescent Protein Gene:
• from jellyfish or coral
• Used as a biological marker to
 locate or track cellular structures
or activities
Gene of Interest - FP
Salk - motor neurons
Russia - to track cancer
Pigs ?

3. Electrophoresis Used to separate DNA fragments or protein
Moves based on density (size)

4. Now let’s try it! EcoR1: 5’…G|AATTC…3’ 3’…C TTAA|G…5’ HindIII:
EcoR1 (Pronounced eco-R-one is a restriction enzyme isolated from E. coli bacteria)
EcoR1 cuts along a very specific pattern of
base pairs as shown to the right.
Any time you see that exact sequence of DNA bases,
make the cut as shown.
EcoR1:
5’…G|AATTC…3’
3’…C TTAA|G…5’
HindIII (hin “D” three is a restriction enzyme isolated from Haemophilus influenza virus)
HindIII cuts along a very specific pattern of
base pairs as shown to the right.
Any time you see that exact sequence of DNA bases,
make the cut as shown.
HindIII:
5’…A|AGCTT…3’
3’…T TCGA|A…5’

5. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
Designer babies:

6. Epigenome

7. Cloning List the sheep & their roles: 1. ___________________
2. ___________________
3. ___________________
4. ___________________
Biological sheep (ewe)
Contributes DNA - 54 chr from somatic cell
Donor sheep (ewe)
Egg minus DNA - removes 27 chr from egg
Surrogate sheep (ewe)
Womb (uterus) for lamb to grow
Lamb (clone)
“mini me” - exact genetic
Copy of her biological mom
Sheep have 54 chromosomes in their somatic cells
and 27 chromosomes in their gametes. 7

8. Celebrity Sheep Has Died at Age 6
 Dolly, the first mammal to be cloned from adult DNA, was put down by lethal injection Feb. 14, Prior to her death, Dolly had been suffering from lung cancer and crippling arthritis. Although most Finn Dorset sheep live to be 11 to 12 years of age, postmortem examination of Dolly seemed to indicate that, other than her cancer and arthritis, she appeared to be quite normal. The unnamed sheep from which Dolly was cloned had died several years prior to her creation. Dolly was a mother to six lambs, bred the old-fashioned way. Image credit: Roslin Institute Image Library,
Africa’s Cow
S. Korea - Snuppy

9. Stem Cells -
Undifferentiated cells
Sources of Stem Cells

10. Stem Cells - Undifferentiated cells
Our stem cells, prompted by chemical signals,
differentiate into the different cells making up our body,
turning on specific genes to dictate specific cell structure
and function.
Name a type of cell and a condition it could be used for:

11. Now let’s look at your lab results!

12. GMO’s What do you think? Brochure review.
Genetically Modified Organisms
What do you think?
Brochure review.

13. What happens with cancer?
It is essentially a failure of cell division control:
Cancer cells are encouraged to grow
turn on growth promoter genes
turn on blood vessel growth genes
Cancer cells ignore signals to stop
turn off touch sensor gene
turn off tumor suppressor genes
Mutated / faulty cells can be
Benign (non-cancerous) Tumors - stay at site
Malignant Tumors - leaves original site, impair organ function

14. Remember Griffith’s Experiments?
Avery’s Experiments
Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Hershey-Chase Experiments