1. Objectives
Be able to give an example of the hierarchy of body plans from cells to body systems
Name the structure and function of the different tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

2. Overview of body systems

3. Hierarchical Organization of Body Plans
Tissues make up organs, which together make up organ systems
Most animals are composed of specialized cells organized into tissues that have different functions

4. Tissue Structure and Function
Different tissues have different structures that are suited to their functions
Tissues are classified into four main categories: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

5. Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body
shape
cuboidal (like dice)
columnar (like bricks on end)
squamous (like floor tiles)
The arrangement
simple (single cell layer)
stratified (multiple tiers of cells)
pseudostratified (a single layer of cells of varying length)

6. Epithelial Tissue Cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium
Fig. 40-5a
Epithelial Tissue
Cuboidal
epithelium
Simple
columnar
epithelium
Pseudostratified
ciliated
columnar
epithelium
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
Figure 40.5 Structure and function in animal tissues
Simple
squamous
epithelium

7. Connective Tissue - binds and supports other tissues
six major types of connective tissue:
Loose connective tissue: binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
Cartilage: strong and flexible support material
Fibrous connective tissue: found in tendons, which attach muscles to bones, and ligaments, which connect bones at joints
Adipose tissue: fat cells
Blood: blood cells and plasma
Bone: your skeleton

8. Connective Tissue connective tissue fiber (all made of protein)
Collagenous fibers provide strength and flexibility
Elastic fibers stretch and snap back to their original length
Reticular fibers join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
Connective tissue cells
Fibroblasts: secrete the protein of extracellular fibers
Macrophages: involved in the immune system

9. Connective Tissue Loose connective tissue Cartilage Fibrous connective
Fig. 40-5c
Connective Tissue
Collagenous fiber
Loose
connective
tissue
Chondrocytes
Cartilage
120 µm
100 µm
Elastic fiber
Chondroitin
sulfate
Nuclei
Fat droplets
Fibrous
connective
tissue
Adipose
tissue
30 µm
150 µm
Figure 40.5 Structure and function in animal tissues
Osteon
White blood cells
Bone
Blood
700 µm
55 µm
Central canal
Plasma
Red blood
cells

10. Muscle Tissue
Muscle tissue consists of long cells called muscle fibers, which contract in response to nerve signals
Three types:
Skeletal muscle: or striated muscle, is responsible for voluntary movement
Smooth muscle:responsible for involuntary body activities
Cardiac muscle: responsible for contraction of the heart
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

11. Muscle Tissue Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Multiple
Fig. 40-5j
Muscle Tissue
Multiple
nuclei
Muscle fiber
Sarcomere
Skeletal
muscle
Nucleus
100 µm
Intercalated
disk
50 µm
Cardiac muscle
Figure 40.5 Structure and function in animal tissues
Smooth
muscle
Nucleus
Muscle
fibers
25 µm

12. Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal
Nervous tissue contains:
Neurons, or nerve cells, that transmit nerve impulses
Glial cells, or glia, that help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

13. Fill out the tissue identification chart

14. Name the cell
Simple Cuboidal
Epithelium

15. Simple Cuboidal Secretion and absorption
Found on the surface of ovaries, the lining of nephrons, the walls of the renal tubules (kidney), and parts of the eye and thyroid.

16. Name the cells
Striated (skeletal) muscle cells

17. Striated muscle cell
For movement
Ex. Found in biceps, triceps,

19. Nerve cells Send signals to and from your brain and spinal cord
Found throughout your body, but are most concentrated in your brain and spinal cord

20. Name the cell
Blood cells

21. Blood cells Include red blood cells and white blood cells
Found in blood vessels

22. Objective
What are some adaptations that help organisms exchange nutrients, waste and gasses with the environment
How do animals maintain homeostasis, especially in terms of heat (include in your answer how feedback mechanisms work)
What are the two main adaptations to satisfy energy requirements and what are the pros and cons of each.

23. Exchange with the environment
Must exchange
Nutrients
Waste
Gasses
What advantage would single celled organisms have and how do larger organisms deal with this?

24. It’s all about surface area

25. Homeostasis – Steady state
Regulator– controls an environmental variable
Ex. Endothermic organism
Conformer – conforms to its environment
EX. Ectothermic organism

26. Homeostasis: It is all about feedback loops
Negative feedback loops - have a set point, and senses the deviation from the set point and then sends out a response
Ex. Sweat
Positive feedbacks do not normally contribute to homeostasis
Ex. Child birth

27. In Humans
Hypothalamus is responsible for sensing and responding to body temperatures
Note: the same blood vessel supplies blood to hypothalamus and ear – that is why we can use an ear thermometer

28. Homeostasis: Thermoregulation – regulation of body termperature
Using the Environment
Behavioral responses – such as moving to different areas that are cold or hot
Using Physiology
Insulation
Adjusting metabolic heat production (shivering)
Circulatory adaptations

29. What are some ways organisms exchange heat with their environment?
Hint: one way is conduction: By directly transferring heat (ex. Reptile sitting on a hot rock.)

30. Mexican Jumping Beans
These are a good example of behavioral responses

31. Thermoregulation using Physiology
Thermogenesis – heat production in the body either my muscle movement or metabolic activity producing more heat than ATP
Shivering

32. Thermoregulation using physiology: Evaporative cooling
Sweating
Panting in birds and other mammals (dogs)

33. Thermoregulation using physiology: Insulation
Trap the heat
Ex. Blubber in whales or fluffed up feathers in birds

34. Thermoregulation using physiology: Circulatory adaptations
Problem: Ducks feet need circulation, but the cold water will make the venus blood cold which will chill the body.
Countercurrent exchange to the rescue!!!

35. Energy budgets

36. When would an environment favor ectothermy? What about endothermy?
Endothermy – can live in more variable environments, but cannot live where food is scarce.
Ectothermy – few can live in below-freezing weather (Must live in fairly stable climates), but could live where food is scarce.