1. Take 5 Archeabacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals
What are the 6 Kingdoms of Organisms?
What is a cladogram?
What are the 5 ways we can determine evolutionary relationships?
Archeabacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals
Branching diagram that models the phylogeny of a species
Structure
Breeding Behavior
Geographical Distribution
Chromosomes
Biochemistry

2. Take 5 Who divided life into 2 categories?
What are the rules for binomial nomenclature?

3. Organizing Life’s Diversity
Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity

4. Section 17.2
The Six Kingdoms

5. I. How are evolutionary relationships determined?
Structural Similarities
Species are closely _______________ and have _________ from a common ancestor.
related
evolved

6. I. How are evolutionary relationships determined?
Breeding Behavior
Sometimes _____________ behavior provides important clues to _________________ among species.
EX: Very similar frogs w/ different mating behavior
Geographical Distribution
____________ helps to determine their relationships with other species. (Galopagos Finches)
breeding
relationships
Location

7. I. How are evolutionary relationships determined?
Raccoon!!
Chromosome Comparison
Both the ___________ and structure of chromosomes provides _____________ of relationships among species
Biochemistry
Closely related species have similar ___________ sequences, and therefore similar proteins.
number
structure
DNA
Bear!!

8. II. Phylogenic Classification: Models
Species that share a common _____________ also share an evolutionary ______________.
Phylogeny = the evolutionary history of a _____________.
Cladistics
One biological system of _______________ that is based on phylogeny is cladistics.
Scientists assume that as groups of organisms ____________ and evolve from a common ancestral group, they retain some unique inherited characteristics that taxonomists call derived ______________.
ancestor
history
species
classification
diverge
traits

9. A phylogeny represents the evolutionary relationships among a set of organisms or groups of organisms, called taxa (singular: taxon). A B C

10. Leopard
American badger
European otter
Coyote
Gray Wolf

11. The tips of the tree represent groups of descendent taxa (often species) and the nodes on the tree represent the common ancestors of those descendents. A B C
node
represents
common ancestor

12. Two descendents that split from the same node are called sister groups.B C

13. In the tree below, species A & B are sister groups — they are each other's closest relatives.

14. A clade is a group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all descendents of that ancestor. You can think of a clade as a branch on the tree of life. Some examples of clades are shown on the tree below.

15. These 3 trees depict the same relationships!B A B C B C A

16. Cladogram

17. Other people's ppt files
Species phylogeny
From the Tree of the Life Website, University of Arizona
Orangutan
Gorilla
Chimpanzee
Human
A phylogeny is a tree representation for the evolutionary history relating the species we are interested in.
This is an example of a 13-species phylogeny.
At each leaf of the tree is a species – we also call it a taxon in phylogenetics (plural form is taxa). They are all distinct.
Each internal node corresponds to a speciation event in the past.
When reconstructing the phylogeny we compare the characteristics of the taxa, such as their appearance, physiological features, or the composition of the genetic material.
Other people's ppt files

18. II. Phylogenic Classification: Models
Another type of model
* Fan-like model = diagram incorporates ___________ information and the knowledge gained form anatomical, embryological, ___________, and cladistic studies.
fossil
genetic

20. III. The Six Kingdoms of Organisms
extreme
Archaebacteria= live in ____________ environment, prokaryotes; _______________
* EX: _______________________________________
unicellular
methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles

21. III. The Six Kingdoms of Organisms
Eubacteria – prokaryotes, very strong cell _________, some cause disease but most are harmless and actually helpful
EX: ____________________________________________
walls
Streptococci,

22. III. The Six Kingdoms of Organisms
Protists = eukaryotic organisms that ____________ complex organ systems and lives in moist environment, diverse group (unicellular/multicellular)
EX: _________________________________________________
lack
Paramecium, slime mold, giant kelp, Amoeba

23. III. The Six Kingdoms of Organisms
Fungi = Decomposer, _____________; unicellular or multicelluar eukaryotes that absorbs nutrients from organic materials.
EX: ____________________________________________
heterotrophs
Mushrooms (parasol)

24. III. The Six Kingdoms of Organisms
Plants= _____________, oxygen producers, photosynthetic eukaryotes. Cells contain a cell ____________ and chloroplasts.
* EX: ____________________________________
Animals = multicellular __________________; heterotrophs
multicellular
wall
Trees, shrubs, herbs
consumers
Dogs, cats, humans, monkeys……

25. HW: Pg 453 Mini-Lab Due Monday: 1/10/11 Read procedure
Draw the cladogram and fill in the blanks
Answer analysis questions 1-4.