1. Chapter 9
Water Resources

2. Dams and Salmon on the Klamath River
Klamath River – runs for 250 miles
Historically, salmon life on the river occurred in multiple stages
In last 100 yrs:
Salmon population has been greatly reduced by…
1997 – the coho salmon became endangered species  protected
2002 – migrating salmon experienced massive die-off
2009 – agreement by ~30 interest groups (signed 2010)

3. Usable Water is Rare

4. Groundwater
Aquifers- small spaces found within permeable layers of rock and sediment where water is found
Unconfined aquifers
Confined aquifers

6. Groundwater Confined vs. unconfined aquifers differences:
Age of water in aquifer varies/rate at which it recharges
Large scale water use

7. Groundwater
Water table- the uppermost level at which the water in an area fully saturates the rock or soil
Recharge- the input process of water percolating into an aquifer
Springs- water from an aquifer that naturally percolates up to the surface
Traditional wells vs artesian wells

8. Groundwater When water is overused  water table drops
Cone of depression- an area where there is no longer any groundwater

9. Groundwater
Some coastal regions have abundance of fresh water underground
Saltwater intrusion- when the pumping of fresh water out of a well is faster than the recharge causes salt water to infiltrate the aquifer

10. Surface Water Includes: Streams, rivers, ponds, lakes and wetlands
Early civilizations settled along rivers
Floodplains – land adjacent to river that may flood when heavy rainfall or spring snowmelt occurs
Figure 9.7

11. Surface Water Formation of a lake: Productivity in a lake:
Tectonic activity
Movement of glaciers
Productivity in a lake:
Oligotrophic
Mesotrophic
Eutrophic

12. Atmospheric Water Important to global water distribution
Droughts – prolonged time without predictable water
Can have negative effects – destroy crops, kill cattle = many people go hungry
Human activities
Flooding – when water inputs exceed the ability of an area to absorb the water
Human impact

13. Changing Water Availability

14. Altering the Availability of Water
Ways to try to reduce impact of flooding:
Levees- an enlarged bank built up on each side of the river
Challenges
Dikes- similar to a levee but built to prevent ocean waters from flooding adjacent land

15. Altering the Availability of Water
Dams- a barrier that runs across a river or stream to control the flow of water
Benefits: human consumption, generation of electricity, flood control, recreation
Costs: environmental, societal, and financial
Reservoir- the area where water is stored behind the dam

16. Altering the Availability of Water
Fish ladders- a set of stairs with water flowing over them that have been added to some dams to help migrating fish such as salmon get upstream

17. Altering the Availability of Water
Aqueducts- canals or ditches used to carry water from one location to another
Benefits:
Downsides:

18. Altering the Availability of Water
Desalination- removing the salt from salt water to obtain fresh water
From ocean or salty inland lakes
2 common technologies:
You will learn more about from your classmates

19. Water in Agriculture, Industry and the Home

20. Agriculture, Industry, and Household Needs
Figure 9.16 – Per capita water use per day
Total used for agriculture, industry and household
Agriculture- the largest user of water around the world

21. Agriculture, Industry and Household Needs
Irrigation techniques-
Furrow irrigation
Flood irrigation
Spray irrigation
Drip irrigation

22. Agriculture, Industry and Household Needs
Hydroponic agriculture- crops grown in fertilized water and no soil
Greenhouse conditions
Alternative to traditional irrigation
Growing in popularity
Cost to consumer is higher

23. Agriculture, Industry and Household Needs
Industry- the second largest user of water worldwide
Includes:
Hydroelectric dams
Thermoelectric power plants
Refining of metals and paper

24. Agriculture, Industry and Household Needs
Households- the third largest user of water worldwide
LDC vs. HDC
Includes both indoor and outdoor water use

25. The Future of Water Availability
Water ownership- people can have rights to water use, but they do not own the water
Water conservation- using techniques such as more efficient water fixtures, faucets and washing machines