1. L/O/G/O AGEN-AGEN POLINASI Halu Oleo University SULISTYA NINGSIH F1D117019 OLEH :

2. www.themegallery.com Polinasi Pengangkutan polen dari anthera ke pistillum Peristiwa jatuhnya polen diatas stigma Proses awal pembentukan buah 1 2 3 Polinasi merupakan :

3. www.themegallery.com Proses Penyerbukan

4. www.themegallery.com Proses Penyerbukan

5. www.themegallery.com Penyerbukan di Alam Penyerbukan Alami Sangat dipengaruhi oleh pola variasi genetik Terjadi secara khusus pada bunga yang sama atau berbeda tetapi dalam satu tanaman Terjadi secara alami tanpa adanya perantara Penyerbukan Buatan Terjadi melalui adanya perantara Dilakukan pada tanaman diaecious atau unisexualis Keberhasilan penyerbukan ditentukan oleh perantara, misalnya manusia

6. www.themegallery.com 1. Penyerbukan berdasarkan perantaranya Macam-Macam Penyerbukan a. Penyerbukan oleh angin Bunga yang mengalami penyerbukan ni tidak memiliki kelenjar madu dengan serbuk sari yang berjummlah banyak dan sangat ringan sehingga mudah diterbangkan oleh angin. b. Penyerbukan oleh hewan Bunga yang mengalami penyerbukan ini memilki warna yang indah sebagai daya tarik, berbau harum dan mempunyai kelenjar madu serta serbuk sari dan putik yang berlendir sehingga dapat melekat di tubuh hewan. c. Penyerbukan oleh air Penyerbukan ini terjadi pada tumbuhan yang bunganya terendam air. d. Penyerbukan oleh manusia Penyerbukan ini dilakukan oleh manusia untuk bunga berkelmin tunggal.

7. www.themegallery.com Macam-Macam Penyerbukan 2. Berdasarkan Asal Serbuk Sari a. Penyerbukan sendiri (Autogami) Adalah menempelnya serbuk sari dari suatu bunga pada bagian kepala putik bunga tersebut b. Penyerbukan silang (Alogami) Adalah menempelnya serbuk sari pada suatu bunga pada kepla putik yang lain berada pada tumbuhan lain yang sejenis

8. www.themegallery.com AGEN-AGEN POLINASI Agen dalam polinasi Agen yang membantu terjadinya polinasi pada bunga diantaranya terdiri atas faktor fisik atau faktor internal, serangga, angin dan burung. Serangga yang membantu polinasi biasanya adalah lebah, kupu-kupu. Selain serangga ada juga mammalia yang membantu polinasi seperti kelelawar.

9. www.themegallery.com AGEN-AGEN POLINASI 2. Penyerbukan bunga oleh serangga (Entomofili) Penyerbukan bunga oleh kupu-kupu 1. Penyerbukan oleh burung (Ornitofili) Penyerbukan oleh burung, misalnya oleh Trochilide vigors

10. www.themegallery.com AGEN-AGEN POLINASI Penyerbukan oleh lebah Penyerbukan oleh angin 3. Penyerbukan bunga oleh angin (Anemofili)

11. www.themegallery.com AGEN-AGEN POLINASI Title in here Penyerbukan oleh kelelawar (Hipposideros sp.) dan tarsius (Tarsius tarsier) 4. Penyerbukan olek kelelawar (Kiropterofili)

12. www.themegallery.com Function of a Flower To attract pollinators by colorful petals, scent, nectar, markings and pollen

13. www.themegallery.com Pollination Methods- 1. Wind/Gravity angiosperms& gymnosperms No bright colors, special odors, or nectar Most have no petals so Stamens and stigmas exposed to air Large amount of pollen lightweight, easily airborne Usually trees & grasses

14. www.themegallery.com Pollination Methods- 1. Wind/Gravity

15. www.themegallery.com 2. water Pollen floats on the water’s surface drifting until it contacts flowers Very rare, waterweeds and pondweeds

16. www.themegallery.com Water Pollination

17. www.themegallery.com 3. Self Pollination

18. www.themegallery.com 4. Animals A. Insects –Bee- usually yellows or blues, have nectar and/or pollen –Butterfly: usually pinks or purples, scented, may have landing area, lots of nectar with little pollen, nectar guides & long tubes for butterfly tongues

19. www.themegallery.com Animals cont. Insects continued –Moths: usually white, blooms at night, strong sweet scents –Beetles: may be spicy, fruity, or smell like decay –Fly: Can have nectar or pollen, or smell like decay

20. www.themegallery.com Animals cont. B. Birds- greatest nectar specialization, odorless, red or orange flowers, long tubes for hummingbirds C. Bats: large, white, strong odor, open at night, offer nectar

21. www.themegallery.com Animal pollinators: Bees Bees – are the most important group of flower pollinators They live on the nectar and feed larvae, also eat the pollen. Bees are guided by sight and smell yellowSee yellow and blue colors, also ultraviolet light (not red) Flowers have “honey guides” and bee landing platforms..

22. www.themegallery.com Bee pollination: Melittophily Bees are: –intelligent, agile –visual animals: good eyesight (including UV light) –good smellers (good sense of smell) –day-active Bees

23. www.themegallery.com Bee pollination Bee pollinated flowers are: –Colorful (usually not red) –Have landing platform: place where bee can land on flower –Mildly fragrant. Bees

24. www.themegallery.com Fremontodendron decumbens (endangered chaparral shrub) flowers UV reflectance photo (right) Bees

25. www.themegallery.com Bees Pollination

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27. Bees Pollination

28. www.themegallery.com Bees Pollination

29. www.themegallery.com Bees Pollination

30. www.themegallery.com Butterflies and moths Also guided by sight and smell Butterflies can see red and orange flowers Usually shaped as a long tube because of insect’s proboscis – to get nectar Moth-pollinated flowers are usually white or pale, with sweet, strong odor – for night pollination.

31. www.themegallery.com Butterfly pollination: Psychophily Butterflies have: good vision, good sense of smell, long coiled tongue. Must land on flower to visit it (can’t hover). coiled tongue tongue extended Butterflies

32. www.themegallery.com Butterfly-pollinated flowers: –Color varies (blue, yellow, orange) –Landing platform present –Nectar at bottom of floral tube Phlox flowers Plumbago flowers Butterflies

33. www.themegallery.com Moths Moth pollination: Phalaenophily Moths have: –Poor vision (nocturnal) –Excellent sense of smell –Long coiled tongue.

34. www.themegallery.com Moths Moth pollination Moths: –Some (hawkmoths) can hover when visiting flowers. Hawkmoth

35. www.themegallery.com Moths Moth pollination Moth-pollinated flowers: –Open at night –Sweet fragrance –White or light-colored –Nectar in tube.

36. www.themegallery.com Moths Interesting moth story: nectar spur Nectar spur is long pouch, at bottom of which is nectar Moth uses long tongue to reach nectar Nectar spurs on columbine

37. www.themegallery.com Interesting moth story: nectar spur Nectar spur is long pouch, at bottom of which is nectar Moth uses long tongue to reach nectar Only if tube is longer than tongue will moth have to push into flower far enough to pick up pollen So, long spurred flowers reproduce better. Moths

38. www.themegallery.com Moths Which leads to longer moth tongues to reach all of the nectar in the longer tubes Which leads to longer tubes...... Some moth-pollinated orchids with long nectar spurs (almost one foot long!) Moth has extremely long tongue!

39. www.themegallery.com Moth pollination Angraecum orchid from Madagascar. Nectar spur almost 1 foot long! Moths

40. www.themegallery.com Flies and beetles Flies like flowers that smell like dung or rotten meat. Lay their eggs there, but larvae die due to lack of food Beetles pollinate flowers that are dull in color, but have very strong odor

41. www.themegallery.com Flies

42. www.themegallery.com Fly pollination: Myophily Flies have good sense of smell, especially flesh flies Attracted to rotting meat (lay eggs in meat, larvae are maggots). Flies

43. www.themegallery.com Fly-pollinated flowers: Sapromyophily –Smell like rotting meat –Look like rotting meat (dark red, purple) –Offer no reward: flies fooled by flower. Stapelia flower Flies

44. www.themegallery.com Fly flower story: Rafflesia Ex, Rafflesia of Sumatra Root parasite Flower is only above- ground part.

45. www.themegallery.com Fly flower story: Rafflesia Ex, Rafflesia of Sumatra Largest single flower on Earth.

46. www.themegallery.com Fly pollination Largest inflorescence is made by fly- pollinated plant Corpse-flower. Inside view Flies

47. www.themegallery.com Beetle pollination: Cantharophily Beetles are: –Clumsy –Have poor vision –Dumb(er) –Active during the day (many flower-visiting ones). Beetle

48. www.themegallery.com Beetle Beetle pollination Beetle pollinated flowers are: –Relatively large or grouped into large inflorescences –Light colored –Smelly (fruity or spicy smell) Inflorescence of Xanthosoma with beetle from it Dogwood inflorescence

49. www.themegallery.com Birds Birds have a good sense of color, they like yellow or red flowers… But birds do not have a good sense of smell, so bird-pollinated flowers usually have little odor. Flowers provide fluid nectar in greater quantities than insects Hummingbird-pollinated flowers usually have long, tubular corolla Pollen is large and sticky

50. www.themegallery.com Bird pollination: Ornithophily Birds are: –agile –long-beaked –visual: see red colors well –poor “smellers” Birds

51. www.themegallery.com Birds Bird pollination Hummingbirds (native to Americas) can hover: don’t need to land to access flower rewards.

52. www.themegallery.com Bird-pollinated flowers are: red or orange have nectar hidden by long floral tube little or no fragrance no landing platform Aloe Anisacanthus (Acanthaceae) flower Birds

53. www.themegallery.com Bird pollination: not always by hummingbirds Other birds from other areas: Sunbirds (Africa/Asia) Honeycreepers (Hawai’i). Golden-winged sunbird Iiwi (a honeycreeper) Crested honeycreeper Birds

54. www.themegallery.com Mammals: bats and mice Bats pollinate at night, so flowers are white Mouse-pollinated flowers are usually inconspicuous, they open at night

55. www.themegallery.com Bat pollination: Chiropterophily Bats are flying mammals –Nocturnal –Eyesight good but echolocate –Good sense of smell –Agile, can hover when visiting flower. Bats

56. www.themegallery.com Bat pollination Bat-pollinated flowers –Open at night –Produce lots of pollen and nectar as rewards –White or light-colored –Fragrant (sweet odor) –May be pendant (hang down from branches). Parkia flowers Bats

57. www.themegallery.com Bats Bat pollination Bat-pollinated flowers –May also be made on tree trunks (tropics): Cauliflory –Ex, cannonball tree of South America

58. www.themegallery.com Bats Bat pollination: Mainly a tropical phenomenon In U.S., saguaro cactus is one of few bat- pollinated species. Saguaro flowers Saguaro cactus

59. www.themegallery.com Why do animals pollinate plants? They get a REWARD: food! In exchange for moving their pollen to another flower Nectar – a sugary solution produced in special flower glands called nectaries Nectar concentration matches energy requirements of the pollinator: bird- and bee-pollinated flowers have different sugar conc. Pollen – is high in protein, some bees and beetles eat it. Flowers can produce two kinds of pollen: a normal and a sterile, but tasty, kind, for the insect.

60. www.themegallery.com Getting the pollinator’s attention Plants advertise their pollen and nectar rewards with blue, yellow redColors – bees see blue, yellow, UV; while birds see red. Bats don’t see well, so flowers are white. Nectar or honey guides – a visual guide for pollinator to locate the reward (pansy flower) Aromas – for insects, nectar. Can also be carrion or dung smell

61. www.themegallery.com Sexual Mimics Flowers that mimic female bees or wasps Look like females Smell like females: chemical mimicry. One study showed flower more attractive than real female!! Sexual mimic orchids

62. www.themegallery.com Sexual mimics Males attempt to mate, pick up pollen, then fly to another flower and repeat process No reward supplied!. A male wasp “mating” with an Ophrys flower (how embarrassing...) Sexual Mimics

63. www.themegallery.com Sexual Mimics Another trick flower Grass pink orchid (Calopogon): grows in pitcher plant bogs in SE US Makes fake stamens on petal. Calopogon orchid (flower made upside down!) Cattleya orchid (flower made right side up)

64. www.themegallery.com Sexual Mimics Some plants take advantage of the sex drive of certain insects… Certain orchids look like female wasps, and even smell like them! Males try to mate with them, and in the process they pollinate the plant The orchid gets pollinated, but the male wasp only gets frustrated!

65. www.themegallery.com AGEN-AGEN POLINASI

66. L/O/G/O Halu Oleo University Thank You! The end