1. APUSH REVIEW SESSION #17
Wednesday 5/4/15
Cold War

2. The Division of Europe
1945: Russians occupied eastern Europe, American troops occupied western Europe
Soviet Union sought eastern European buffer
U.S. demanded national self-determination through free elections throughout Europe
Stalin converted eastern Europe into a system of satellite nations 3 3

3. Eastern Bloc

4. Withholding Economic Aid
Russia devastated by World War II
Some Americans sought to influence Russia with Lend-Lease economic aid
1945: United States halted Lend-Lease without Russian settlement
Leverage lost in shaping Soviet policy 4 4

5. Containment
1947: George C. Marshall appointed Secretary of State-Giving aid to countries from WWII
Dean Acheson: England’s former role as arbiter of world affairs
George Kennan: Called for “containment of Russia’s expansive tendencies” 6 6

6. The Truman Doctrine
1947: Truman sought funds to keep Greece and Turkey in Western sphere of influence
Truman Doctrine: “Support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure”
Doctrine an informal declaration of cold war against the Soviet Union 7 7

7. The Marshall Plan
1947: George Marshall proposed aid for rebuilding European industries
Russia refused aid
1948: Marshall Plan adopted by Congress
Plan fostered western European prosperity 8 8

8. The Western Military Alliance
1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Military alliance included U.S., Canada, most of western Europe
U.S. troops stationed in Europe
NATO intensified Russia’s fear of the West 9 9

9. The Berlin Blockade June, 1948: Russian blockade of Berlin
Truman ordered airlift to supply the city
1949: Russians end blockade
U.S. political victory dramatized division 10 10

10. The Korean War
June 25, 1950: Communist North Korean forces invaded U.S.-influenced South Korea
Truman made South Korea’s defense a U.N. effort, sent in U.S. troops
U.S. routed Korean forces in South
Attempt to unify Korea drew in China
U.S. pushed back to South, war a stalemate
Result: Massive American rearmament 14 14

11. The Cold War at Home New Deal economic policies undermined
Fears of Communist subversion
Republicans used anticommunism to revive their party 15 15

12. The Loyalty Issue
House Un-American Activities Committee investigated Communist subversion in government
“Hollywood Ten”- group of Hollywood actors, screenwriters and producers brought in front of Congress to testify about being suspected Communists, they were Blacklisted
Truman responded with loyalty program
Alger Hiss case; The Rosenbergs-Spies
Democrats blamed for:
“Losing” China to Communism
Russia’s development of a hydrogen bomb 18 18

13. McCarthyism in Action
1950: Senator Joseph McCarthy launched anticommunist campaign
Innocent overwhelmed by accusations
Attacks on privileged bureaucrats
Supported by Midwest Republicans
Attracted Irish, Italian, Polish workers to Republicans
Christina Ngo and Haley Winn are the bomb.com 19 19

14. Eisenhower Wages the Cold War
Eisenhower prefers to work behind the scenes
Eisenhower wanted to relax tensions with Soviets
Debt imposed by defense spending
Possibility of atomic warfare
Eisenhower’s “new look” policy relied on massive retaliation to deter Soviet attacks 21 21

15. Entanglement in Indochina
Eisenhower refused military aid for French retention of colonial Indochina
Victory of Communist Ho Chi Minh prompted intervention to prevent election
Vietnam divided, election postponed
South Vietnam under U.S. puppet regime 22 22

16. Covert Actions
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) used to achieve covert objectives
Iran: CIA restored the shah to power
Guatemala: CIA ousted leftist government
Eastern Europe: Refused to help East Germans or Hungarians 25 25

17. Waging Peace Nuclear test ban treaty
U.S. and U.S.S.R. agreed to suspend nuclear testing in the atmosphere
October, 1957: Russians launched Sputnik
May, 1960: U-2 incident cancelled plans for summit on new Berlin Crisis 26 26

18. The Continuing Cold War
January, 1961: Eisenhower warned against growing military-industrial complex
Post-war era marked by Cold War rather than peace and tranquility 27 27

19. Containing Castro: The Bay of Pigs Fiasco
Kennedy supported “anti-Castro forces in exile”
Bay of Pigs invasion a part of 1960 CIA plan under Eisenhower

20. Containing Castro: The Cuban Missile Crisis
October, 1962: Soviet nuclear missiles confirmed in Cuba
Planned to blockade, invade Cuba
U.S. imposed naval blockade, world appeared to be on the brink of nuclear war