1. Red-Black Trees
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AVL Trees 6 3 8 4 v z
AVL Trees

2. Time Complexity of Insert, Deletion, and Search operations
Red-Black Trees
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Time Complexity of Insert, Deletion, and Search operations
Insert
Deletion
Search
Vector/List (unsorted)
O(1)
O(n)
Binary Search Tree
O(h)
Balanced Binary Tree
O(log n)
AVL Trees

3. Balanced Binary Tree There are many kinds of balanced tree
Red-Black Trees
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Balanced Binary Tree
There are many kinds of balanced tree
The definition of balanced binary tree
A binary tree with height O(log n) or exactly log n
AVL Trees

4. AVL Tree Definition AVL trees are balanced.
Red-Black Trees
2018年11月26日3时46分
AVL Tree Definition
AVL trees are balanced.
An AVL Tree is a binary search tree such that for every internal node v of T, the heights of the children o f v can differ by at most 1.
An example of an AVL tree where the heights are shown next to the nodes:
AVL Trees

5. Red-Black Trees
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n(1)
n(2)
Height of an AVL Tree
Fact: The height of an AVL tree storing n keys is O(log n).
Proof: Let us bound n(h): the minimum number of internal nodes of an AVL tree of height h.
We easily see that n(1) = 1 and n(2) = 2
For n > 2, an AVL tree of height h contains the root node, one AVL subtree of height h-1 and another of height h-2.
That is, n(h) = 1 + n(h-1) + n(h-2)
Knowing n(h-1) > n(h-2), we get n(h) > 2n(h-2). So
n(h) > 2n(h-2), n(h) > 4n(h-4), n(h) > 8n(n-6), … (by induction),
n(h) > 2in(h-2i)
Solving the base case we get: n(h) > 2 h/2-1
Taking logarithms: h < 2log n(h) +2
Thus the height of an AVL tree is O(log n)
AVL Trees

6. Insertion in an AVL Tree
Red-Black Trees
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Insertion in an AVL Tree
Insertion is as in a binary search tree
Always done by expanding an external node.
Example: 44 17 78 32 50 88 48 62 44 17 78 32 50 88 48 62 54
Inserted node
before insertion
after insertion
AVL Trees

7. Insertion in an AVL Tree
Red-Black Trees
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Insertion in an AVL Tree
Let
z be the first unbalanced node encountered while traveling up the tree from w.
y be the child of z with the larger height, and
x be the child of y with the larger height. 44 17 78 32 50 88 48 62 54
c=z
a=y
b=x w
AVL Trees

8. Trinode Restructuring
Red-Black Trees
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Trinode Restructuring
let (a,b,c) be an inorder listing of x, y, z
perform the rotations needed to make b the topmost node of the three
(other two cases are symmetrical)
c=y
b=x
a=z T0 T1 T2 T3
Case 2: double rotation
(a right rotation about c, then a left rotation about a)
b=y
a=z
c=x T0 T1 T2 T3
b=y
a=z
c=x T0 T1 T2 T3
b=x
c=y
a=z T0 T1 T2 T3
Case 1: single rotation
(a left rotation about a)
AVL Trees

9. Restructuring (as Single Rotations)
Red-Black Trees
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Restructuring (as Single Rotations)
Single Rotations: T 3 2
a = x
b = y
c = z 1
single rotation
AVL Trees T 1

10. Restructuring (as Double Rotations)
Red-Black Trees
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Restructuring (as Double Rotations)
double rotations: T 1
a = z
b = x 2 3
c = y
a = z
b = x
c = y T 2 1 3 T 2 3 1
a = z
b = x
c = y
double rotation
AVL Trees

11. Restructuring (as Double Rotations)
Red-Black Trees
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Restructuring (as Double Rotations)
double rotations:
AVL Trees

12. Insertion Example, continued
Red-Black Trees
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Insertion Example, continued
unbalanced... 4 T 1 44 x 2 3 17 62 y z 1 2 2 32 50 78 1 1 1
...balanced 48 54 88 T 2 T T 1 T
AVL Trees 3

13. Red-Black Trees
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Removal in an AVL Tree
Removal begins as in a binary search tree, which means the node removed will become an empty external node. Its parent, w, may cause an imbalance.
Example: 44 17 78 32 50 88 48 62 54 44 17 62 50 78 48 54 88
before deletion of 32
after deletion
AVL Trees

14. Rebalancing after a Removal
Red-Black Trees
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Rebalancing after a Removal
Let z be the first unbalanced node encountered while travelling up the tree from w. Also, let y be the child of z with the larger height, and let x be the child of y with the larger height.
We perform restructure(x) to restore balance at z.
As this restructuring may upset the balance of another node higher in the tree, we must continue checking for balance until the root of T is reached 62
a=z 44 44 78 w 17 62
b=y 17 50 88 50 78
c=x 48 54 48 54 88
AVL Trees

15. Running Times for AVL Trees
Red-Black Trees
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Running Times for AVL Trees
a single restructure is O(1)
using a linked-structure binary tree
find is O(log n)
height of tree is O(log n), no restructures needed
insert is O(log n)
initial find is O(log n)
Restructuring up the tree, maintaining heights is O(log n)
remove is O(log n)
AVL Trees