1. DNA to protein DNA, transcription, translation
Sequence
Type
5' atg gac aca tag 3’
Sense (Non-template DNA)
3' tac ctg  tgt atc 5'
Anti-sense (Template DNA)
5'aug gac aca uag3'
RNA
M     D     T           (Stop)
Amino acid code
Methionine, Aspartic acid, Threonine
Amino acid sequence

2. DNA – an ideal genetic material
Faithful replication
Information content
Capable of change

3. DNA Five carbon sugar – deoxyribose Phosphate group One of four bases
Purines
Five carbon sugar – deoxyribose
Phosphate group
One of four bases
Pyrmidines

4. Nucleotide + Nucleotide + Nucleotide + ……
DNA: Polymerization
Nucleotide + Nucleotide + Nucleotide + ……

5. Faithful replication Complementary base pairing and the double helix
Semi-conservative replication

6. Information content Met Leu Gly Asp Tyr Gly Phe Lys
ATG CTG GGA GAT TAT GGC TTT AAG
AUG CUG GGA GAU UAU GGC UUU AAG

7. Capable of change
Mutations result from heritable changes in DNA sequence
May affect transcription, translation, and phenotype
Single nucleotide substitutions can have different consequences on phenotype
Silent
*** CTG GGA GAT TAT GGC TTT AAG***
*** CTG GGA GAT TAT GGC TTC AAG*** alignment
Leu Gly Asp Tyr Gly Phe Lys
Leu Gly Asp Tyr Gly Phe Lys translation
Missense
*** CTG GGA GAT TAT GGC TAT AAG*** alignment
Leu Gly Asp Tyr Gly Tyr Lys translation
Nonsense
*** CTG GGA GAT TAG GGC TTT AAG*** alignment
Leu Gly Asp Tyr Gly Phe Lys
Leu Gly Asp STOP translation

8. DNA to RNA to protein

9. From gene to phenotype “Central dogma” DNA → RNA → protein DNA RNA
Other genes
Pathways
Environmental
signals
Protein

10. RNA Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
A key nucleic acid in transcription, translation, and regulation
Like DNA except that:
Usually single rather than double stranded
Pentose sugar is ribose rather than deoxyribose
It contains the pyrimidine base uracil (U) rather than thymine (T)
    

11. Classes of RNA Informational (messenger): mRNA - Transcription
Functional (transfer, ribosomal RNA): tRNA, rRNA - Translation
Regulatory (addressed later in the context of gene regulation)

12. Informational (messenger) - mRNA
Single-stranded RNA molecule complementary to one of the DNA strands of a gene
Leaves nucleus; in cytoplasm translated into protein

13. Functional (transfer) - tRNA
Molecules that carry amino acids to the growing polypeptide:
~ 32 different kinds of tRNA in a typical eukaryotic cell
Each the product of a separate gene
~ 80 nucleotides
Double and single stranded regions
Unpaired regions form loops

14. Functional (transfer) - tRNA
Each kind of tRNA carries (at its 3′ end) one of the 20 amino acids 
At one loop, 3 unpaired bases form an anticodon
Base pairing between the anticodon and the complementary codon on a mRNA molecule brings the correct amino acid into the growing polypeptide chain

15. Functional (ribosomal) - rRNA
The ribosome consists of RNA and protein
Site of protein synthesis
Translation of mRNA sequence

16. Transcription involves mRNA, tRNA
The template strand is also referred to as the antisense (or non-coding)  strand and the non-template strand as the sense (or coding) strand 

17. Transcription Initiation: start at promoter
Elongation: add ribonucleotides to 3’ end of developing mRNA
Termination: end transcription at a termination signal
Post-transcriptional processing:
intron removal
5’cap, 3’ tail
Export to cytoplasm for translation

18. Plant Gene Structure

19. Translation and The Code
64 codons; 61 represent amino acid codes and 3 cause the termination of protein synthesis (stop codons)
Degeneracy: Most amino acids represented by >1 codon

20. Translation Messenger RNAs: mRNAs Ribosomes:
proteins + ribosomal RNA r:RNA
Transfer RNAs: tRNAs + amino acids
Polypeptide: amino acid sequence
MDTVAAWPQFEEQDYMTVWPEEQEYRTVWSEPPKRRAGRIKLQETRH

21. Amino Acid Abbreviations

22. Proteins
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures

23. Summary of Transcription and Translation
Sequence
Type
5' atg gac aca tag 3’
Sense (Non-template DNA)
(decode replacing T with U )
3' tac ctg  tgt atc 5'
Anti-sense (Template DNA)
5'aug gac aca uag3'
RNA (decode)
M     D     T           Stop
Amino acid code (See Table)
Methionine, Aspartic acid, Threonine

24. Additional resources helpful for this review
DNA learning center at Cold Spring harbor Lab
3-D animation library:
Recommended animations: DNA has four units; The Central dogma; Transcription (basic and advanced); Triplet code; RNA splicing; mRNA splicing; Translation (basic and advanced)
Scitable (by natureEducation)
Unit 5 What is DNA What does DNA do?