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Modern English Grammar 1 Session 2

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1 Modern English Grammar 1 Session 2
Heads of NPs and Nouns Modern English Grammar 1 Session 2

2 But first: what we did last week
categorised word classes identified phrases in sentences revisited functional categories determiners, nouns, pronouns, prepositions, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc. noun phrases, prepositional phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases Functional categories will be explained on the 5th slide! Subject, Verb/Predicate, Object, Complement, Adverbial MEG-1 © FAM

3 What we saw last week (b)
determined the heads of phrases developed the basic construction of phrases really difficult for Jenny XP X pre-X post-X HEAD Specifier Extension MEG-1 © FAM

4 What we saw last week (c)
worked out the basic structure of a clause clause/simple sencence cl / S That first division we drew in the sentence “All the students in the class read their books on language change in Australia” We also established a kind of hierarchy of phrases in the sentence with NP + VP being at the top. NP VP Noun Phrase Verb Phrase MEG-1 © FAM

5 What we saw last week (d)
illustrated the functional elements of a clause and their relationship S V O /C A The hierarchy is signaled by the shades of red , from obligatory to optional MEG-1 © FAM

6 Structures, Elements, Relations
The Noun Phrase Structures, Elements, Relations

7 2.1 The Structure of the NP To remind you once more: NP N pre-N post-N
HEAD Specifier Extension pre-modification post-modification MEG-1 © FAM

8 Do Activity 1 on page 15 MEG-1 © FAM

9 2.1 The Structure of the NP NP Peter a car the red wheel barrow one
Specifier Extension Determiner (d) pre-modifier (m) HEAD (H) post-modifier (m) H Peter dH a car dmH the red wheel barrow dmHm one warm afternoon in March MEG-1 © FAM

10 With the Home Study findings
from Exploration 1 fill in the table for Activity 2, page 17 MEG-1 © FAM

11 2.2 Types of N a) Common Nouns Proper Nouns Pro-nouns Place-holders
Concrete Nouns Abstract Nouns air aircraft bath beef bread cattle cow crossroads darts draughts fight flour flower goose gymnastics herd homework ice insignia … company countryside courage cruelty death / Death future government information joy kindness love pity sleep stardom Australia Bern Jim Leeds United I (red) one(s) (some any) Concrete nouns: first few on click Abstract nouns: “courage” to “future” on click, rest automatically Proper nouns etc.: all on click MEG-1 © FAM

12 2.2 Types of “Nouns” b) Heads of NP (“N”) focus on “Entities”
“Entities” are people things animals places “Entities” are also abstract notions actions emotions institutions phenomena qualities times/periods etc. They can occurs as Nouns Pronouns Placeholders MEG-1 © FAM

13 From Home Study, let’s check Exploration 2 on page 16
Break! MEG-1 © FAM

14 Nouns and how they behave a)
1 2 3 4 5 6 Noun 1 2 3 4 5 6 advice x x homework x x air x x honesty x anger x ice x army x information x x athletics x kindness x audience x knowledge x baggage x x life x bath x Leeds United x beauty x love x bread x luck x cards x luggage x x coal x mathematics x x committee x measles x x MEG-1 © FAM

15 Nouns and how they behave c)
1 2 3 4 5 6 Noun 1 2 3 4 5 6 company x media x country x money x countryside x move x courage x mumps x x crew x news cruelty x past x darts x physics x x data x police death x press x draughts x pride x drink x relief x end x rest x enemy x run x MEG-1 © FAM

16 Nouns and how they behave c)
1 2 3 4 5 6 Noun 1 2 3 4 5 6 family x sky x fight x sleep x flock x snooze x food x staff x freedom X start x fun X sugar x furniture x x sun x future x x team x go x travel x government x wash x group x water x gymnastics x wind x hate x world x MEG-1 © FAM

17 Do Activity 3 on page 17 MEG-1 © FAM

18 2.2.1 Countable vs. uncountable nouns
always singular, substances bread, coal, food, ice, sugar, water take singular markers (verb forms, pronouns) character features courage, cruelty, hate, honesty, kindness, pride do not take “a” emotions anger, love, relief, do not take a concrete quantifier (e.g. a number adjective). activities sleep, travel, First group: 1 What features are typical for uncountable nouns 2 what are headers for uncountables (go through headers one at a time) abstract terms beauty, death, freedom, fun, life, luck, knowledge MEG-1 © FAM

19 2.2.1 Countable vs. uncountable nouns
look like plurals, but are singulars. sports athletics, gymnastics, darts games cards, darts, draughts subjects mathematics, physics illnesses measles, mumps MEG-1 © FAM

20 2.2.1 Countable vs. uncountable nouns
form of a singular, focus on individual members or group as a whole army, audience, committee, company, crew, data, enemy, family, flock, government, group, Leeds United, media, press, staff, team, used with singular or plural pronouns / verb forms MEG-1 © FAM

21 2.2.1 Countable vs. uncountable nouns
These never take the plural in English: advice baggage furniture homework information luggage money MEG-1 © FAM

22 Do Activity 4 on page 19 MEG-1 © FAM

23 ! 2.2.2 Nouns with “the” vs. “a” News is good or bad
nouns normally occurring with “the” “uniqueness” or “globality” air, country, country-side, end, future, past, sky, sun, wind, world, nouns normally occurring with “a/an” potential “repetition” bath, drink, fight, go, move, rest, run, snooze, start, wash ! news always with singular markers News is good or bad police always with plural markers The police are keen to talk to this man. MEG-1 © FAM

24 Do Exploration 3 on page 18 MEG-1 © FAM

25 2.2.3 Plurals (Exploration 3) b
Nsing Npl Nsing Npl Nsing Npl Nsing Npl aircraft aircraft cross-roads crossroads jeans jeans précis précis binoculars binoculars cry cries kiss kisses pyjamas pyjamas bourgeois bourgeois day days lady salmon ladies salmon bridge bridges deer deer larva larvae scissors scissors bus busses dwarf dwarves leaf leaves series series chassis chassis eye eyes man/ woman men women sheep sheep MEG-1 © FAM

26 2.2.3 Plurals (Exploration 3) b
Nsing Npl Nsing Npl Nsing Npl Nsing Npl child children glasses glasses memorandum memoranda species species church churches goose geese mouse mice tooth teeth clash clashes hat hats nucleus nuclei tree trees corpus corpora house houses ox oxen trousers trousers criterion criteria index indices indexes phenomenon phenomena wife wives MEG-1 © FAM

27 Home Study Activity 5 on page 19 Exploration 1 on page 24 MEG-1 © FAM

28 And that’s all for today
Tune in again next week for another captivating episode of Modern English Grammar MEG-1 © FAM

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