2. Cell Biology

3. Chapter Seven: Cell Structure and Function
7.1 What Are Cells?
7.2 Cells- A Look Inside

4. 7.2 Cells: A Look Inside A cookie factory is like a cell.
An analogy is a way of explaining something complicated using an easier example.
A cookie factory is a good analogy for understanding all the cell parts and their functions.

5. 7.2 Comparing cells to a factory
Every cell part has a job or function.
This chart shows how a cell is like a cookie factory

7. 7.2 The cell membrane and nucleus
To make cell parts visible under a microscope, you can apply a stain to the cells.
Methylene blue is a stain often used to look at animal cells.

8. 7.2 The cell membrane and nucleus
The cell membrane is a thin layer that separates the inside of the cell from its outside environment.
It keeps the cytoplasm inside while letting waste products out.
What is stained darker blue in each cell?

9. 7.2 The cell membrane and nucleus
The nucleus is covered with a membrane that allows materials to pass in and out.
It’s often called the “control center” of the cell because it contains DNA.
The nucleolus acts as a
storage area for materials.

10. 7.2 Organelles and their functions
Mitochondria are called the “powerhouses” of cells.
They produce much of the energy a cell needs to carry out its functions.

11. 7.2 Organelles and their functions
A vacuole is the storage area of the cell.
Vacuoles store water, food, and waste.

12. 7.2 Organelles and their functions
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a series of tunnels throughout the cytoplasm.
They transport proteins from one part of the cell to another.

13. 7.2 Organelles and their functions
Ribosomes are the protein factories of the cell.
When ribosomes make proteins, they release them into the ER.

14. 7.2 Organelles and their functions
Golgi bodies receive proteins and other compounds from the ER.
They package these materials and distribute them to other parts of the cell.

15. 7.2 Organelles and their functions
Lysosomes contain enzymes that can break things down.
Lysosomes pick up bacteria, food, and old organelles and break them into small pieces that can be reused.

16. 7.2 Organelles and their functions
The cytoskeleton is a series of fibers made from proteins.
It provides structure to the cell and gives it its shape.

18. 7.2 How plant cells are different
Plant cells have chloroplasts, but animal cells do not.
A chloroplast is an organelle that contains a green pigment called chlorophyll.

19. 7.2 How plant cells are different
Plant cells have a large central vacuole that stores cell sap.

20. 7.2 How plant cells are different
Plant cells have a cell wall, but animal cells do not.
Cell walls provide structure and support for the plant.

21. Investigation 7B Animal and Plant Cells
What are the differences between animal and plant cells?

22. Medicine Connection Organ Transplants
Modern medicine is able to transplant many organs.
A variety of cells can attack the new tissues if they don’t “match”.
This causes most transplants to fail.

23. Build a Scale Model of a Cell
Activity
Build a Scale Model of a Cell
It is not always clear how the size of the cell is related to the parts inside.
In this activity, you will explore the relationship of cell size to organelle size by creating a scale model.