1. The Skeleton: Joints and movement *joint= articulation

2. Types of Joints Immovable or fixed joints (Fibrous)
Slightly moveable joints (Cartilaginous)
Freely moveable joints (Synovial)

3. Joint Classification:
Structural classification:
Fibrous joints (bones held together by dense collagen fibers)
Cartilaginous joints (bones held together by cartilage)
Synovial joints (bones held together by ligaments)
Functional classification:
Synarthrosis (an immovable joint)
Amphiarthrosis (a slightly movable joint)
Diarthrosis (a freely movable joint)

4. Joints (Fibrous Joints)
Lack a synovial cavity
Fibrous joints permit little or no movement
Three types of fibrous joints
Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses

5. Joints (Fibrous Joints)
Sutures
Occur only between bones of the skull
Syndesmoses
Permits slight movement
Interosseous membrane
Between the tibia and fibula in the leg
Gomphoses
Immovable joint
Joint in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket
Articulations of the roots of teeth with the sockets of the maxillae and mandible

7. Joints (Cartilaginous Joints)
Lacks a synovial cavity
Allows little or
no movement
Two types
Synchondroses
Symphyses

8. Joints (Cartilaginous Joints)
Synchondroses
Connecting tissue is hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal (growth) plate
Symphyses
Slightly movable joint
Ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
Pubic symphysis
Between the anterior surfaces of the hip bones
Intervertebral joints between the vertebrae

9. Joints (Synovial Joints)
Synovial cavity allows a joint to be freely movable
Ligaments hold bones together in a synovial joint with 2 major areas:
Articular Capsule
A sleeve-like capsule encloses the synovial cavity
The articular capsule is composed of two layers
an outer fibrous capsule
an inner synovial membrane
Synovial Fluid
The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid
Functions to reduce friction by:
lubricating the joint
absorbing shocks
supplying oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage
removing carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the cartilage

10. Joints (Synovial Joints)
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

11. Joints (Synovial Joints)
Other parts of the synovial joint:
Accessory Ligaments
Lie outside and inside articular capsule
Bursae
Sac-like structures containing fluid similar to synovial fluid
Located between tendons, ligaments and bones
Cushion the movement of these body parts
Articular Discs/Menisci
Pads of cartilage lie between the articular surfaces of the bones
Allow bones of different shapes to fit together more tightly

12. Types of Synovial Joints
Freely Moveable (Synovial) joints can be divided into six groups depending upon the way they move.
Key:
Ball and Socket Joint
Hinge Joint
Pivot Joint
Gliding Joint
Saddle Joint
Condyloid Joint

13. Ball and Socket Joints
Of all the joints in the body, the BALL AND SOCKET JOINT allows the greatest range of movement
In this type of joint, one end of the bone is shaped like a ball, and it fits into a hollow socket at the end of another joint.
Held together by ligaments and tendons
Two main Ball and Socket Joints: Shoulder and hip joints

14. Hinge Joints
HINGE JOINTS allow extensive flexion and extension (Bending and straightening) with only a small amount of rotation.
The joint is made by the joining of two bone ends which have smooth surfaces. They are shaped to move against each other with minimum friction.
Strong ligaments stop the bones from sliding off from one side to the other.
Examples of Hinge Joints: Elbow and Knee Joints

15. Pivot Joint PIVOT JOINTS allow only rotation.
The joint works by the end of one bone having a “peg” which fits into a “ring” formed by the other bone.
There is pivot joint at the top of the spinal column, between the axis and atlas bones of the neck. This allows us to turn, raise and lower our heads – this is crucial in controlling balance and maintaining awareness.

16. Gliding Joints
GLIDING JOINTS allow flexion and extension through a slight gliding motion between the ends of small bones such as hands and feet.
These small bones can move over one another to increase the flexibility of the hands and feet.
Strong ligaments link them together and stop them moving to far.

17. Saddle Joints
SADDLE JOINTS occur where concave and convex surfaces meet.
The saddle joints allow the movement of the joint forward and backwards, and right to left.
Examples of saddle joints include the fingers and thumbs.

18. Condyloid Joints
Within the CONDYLOID JOINT the full convex shape of one bone end, fits into the full concave shape of an adjoining bone.
This allows for movement in all directions, however full rotations.
The main example of the Condyloid joint is the wrist.

19. Why are they called Synovial Joints?
They all have some thing called Synovial Fluid in them.
This lubricates the joint, like oil in a working engine. It enables all parts of the joint to move against each other smoothly.
This is inside the synovial (joint) capsule which holds the fluid in place.
The synovial membrane lies inside the capsule where the fluid is produced.

20. Connective Tissues
There are three types of connective tissues used within the joints.
Cartilage
Cartilage forms a cushion between bones in order to stop them rubbing
Ligaments
Ligaments are like very strong string that holes bones together
Tendons
Tendons attach muscles to bones (or to other muscles)

21. What’s the difference? Cartilage Tendons Ligaments Tough
Attaches bone to muscle
Attaches bone to bone
Flexible
Sturdy
Elastic
At end of bone
Non elastic
Stabilise
Cushions
Size changes depending on muscle
Made of many fibres
Anchor
Strong

22. Types of Joint Movement
There are six different kinds of movement the joints can allow
These are:
Extension
Flexion
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
Rotation

23. Extension: straightening or extending a limb. (Opening a Joint)
Flexion: Bending or flexing a limb. (Closing a joint)
Abduction: Moving a limb away from the centre line of the body.

24. Rotation: This is a turning or rotational movement of a limb or body part.
Circumduction: The ability of a limb to be moved in circles.
Adduction: moving a limb towards the centre line of the body

25. Dorsiflexion is the movement which decreases the angle between the dorsum (superior surface) of the foot and the leg, so that the toes are brought closer to the shin. The movement moving in opposite directions is called plantarflexion. Put more simply: it applies to the upward movement of the foot at the ankle joint
Plantarflexion (or plantar flexion) Is the movement which increases the approximate 90 degree angle between the front part of the foot and the shin, as when pressing down on a car pedal

26. Pronation – A rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position, or palm facing down. This is not medial rotation as this must be performed when the arm is half flexed
Supination – The opposite of pronation, the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly, or palm facing up. The hand is supine (facing anteriorly) in the anatomical position

27. Hyperextension - Movement at a joint to a position beyond the joint's normal maximum extension

28. The knee (HINGE JOINT) is used when flexing (bending) and extending (straightening) the leg to kick a football

29. Aims of the Lesson
Within this lesson you will develop your knowledge and understanding of:
The three classifications of joints
The six types of synovial joints
The types of body movements
Key skills this lesson
IOLP, Comm, WWO, Thinking skills.