1. Chapter 12 Crusades and culture in the middle ages
LESSON 1 – MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY
LESSON 2 – THE CRUSADES
LESSON 3 – CULTURE IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
LESSON 4 – THE LATE MIDDLE AGES
Christian church like Islam forbade Christians from lending money to Christians with interest thus Jews loaned money to Christians
It was looked upon as unsavory to charge interest when loaning money.
Jews became synonymous with greedy and unsavory

2. MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY
During the High and Late Middle Ages ( ), common theme is a continuing struggle between the church officials and the secular rulers
Define secular:
non-religious
Each thought they should have supreme control over the other

3. MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY
The Christian Church shaped the values and culture and many looked to the pope's authority
many rulers believed that their authority to rule came from God also
Post-Classical Western Europe as An Age of Faith
Every aspect of life was dominated by the Church
Rulers were crowned by the “Grace of God”, Political rule viewed as divinely sanctioned
All Christians were expected to tithe to the church, Education, art dictated by Church ideals
Calendar organized by faith holidays, Fair prices, economic practices dictated by church
All answers to questions were dictated largely by faith
Law was largely dictated by religion
Serious matters submitted to Church for arbitration, resolution
Popes, clergy held enormous power
Church held lands independent of many rulers, Church lands could not be taxed
Church lands were often enormously wealthy, Bishops could not be installed by secular rulers
Secular rulers appealed to Rome for mediation, Clergy could not be tried in secular courts
Popes could deprive kings of their thrones, Separate canon law for church

4. PROLOGUE
Your status in life depended on what you did not what you had You: fought 5% (2nd Estate) prayed 5% (1st Estate) worked 90% (3rd Estate)
Your status in life depended on what you did not what you had.
High class vs Low class
The three estates
"Those who pray" – clergy, spiritual estate
Ruling hierarchy: Popes, bishops, abbots
Common clergy: Monks, priests
"Those who fight" - feudal nobles, military estate
Royalty who ran a state
Land owning lords such as dukes, counts, princes
Lowest nobility with no land were knights
"Those who work" - mostly peasants and serfs
Peasants and Serfs
Those who lived in Towns (Burg = Burghers)
Not an estate in most countries
Grew to become middle class

5. Church role in society vs Nobility
PROLOGUE
Guilds - protects the producer at the expense of the consumer
Eliminate competition
2) Regulated material
3) How long you worked
4) no advertising
Church role in society vs Nobility
Guilds, or a group of people having the same occupation, oversaw the wages and prices of artisans, as well as quality
To be a member, you had to be a master; to become a master you:
Worked as an apprentice for 5-9 years, starting at an early age
Worked as a wage earning journeyman afterwards, honing your trade
Created a “Master Piece” to be judged by the guild
If your piece was found worthy, you would be admitted to the guild

6. MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY
Since the 5th century, the popes of the Catholic Church had claimed supreme authority over the Church and the people This included some expansion into the political area also: Control of the Papal States: territory around Rome in central Italy was controlled by the church, who acted in political matters: collected taxes, justice, defense

7. MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY
Feudal Involvement: Church held land as fiefs some church officials also held land
This became an issue of conflicting interests in disputes between secular rulers and church officials*
No tax was collected from the Church

8. MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY
Lay investiture:
when secular rulers choose church officials
Pope Gregory VII: elected pope in wanted to end lay investiture and said the pope was the highest authority and the church should be free to obey the pope (>>>>>God)
The Holy Roman Empire
New Emperors
Otto of Saxony rose in northern Germany by the mid-10th century; Pope John XII proclaimed him emperor in 962
Later emperors warred alternately with powerful dukes, popes for influence in empire
Eventually emperorship becomes elected by seven most powerful imperial dukes, bishops
Smaller territorial states emerged, weakened centralizing efforts of the emperors
Investiture Contest
Formerly, important church officials were appointed by imperial authorities
Pope Gregory VII ordered an end to the practice
Emperor Henry IV was excommunicated because of his disobedience

9. MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY
King Henry IV: HRE and King of Germany German kings had used the appointment of church offices to control the nobility

10. MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY
This conflict went on for decades until a new pope and king reached a compromise known as the Concordat of Worms in 1122 This specified powers to both church and king

11. MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY
The height of church power was in the 13th century under Pope Innocent III, who had a strong belief in papal supremacy He made use of the INTERDICT: this forbid priests from giving sacraments (Christian rites) to certain people This was an attempt to use the people's dependence on the church to force an action - usually of the ruler

12. MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY
New Religious Orders
The popularity of the church led to the establishment of many new monasteries, monastic orders and other church procedures

13. MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY
New Religious Orders
Cistercians:
extremely strict rules
2) Convents: created so that women could devote themselves to the church
Especially for unmarried women and widows

14. MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY
New Religious Orders
3) Franciscans: founded by St. Francis of Assisi
took vows of poverty
rejected property
begged for food
helped the poor
spread the gospel - even
to Muslim lands

15. MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY
New Religious Orders
4) Dominicans: wanted to defend the church from
Heresy, errors in church teachings
Heretic = person who leads people astray with wrong doctrine

16. MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY
New Religious Orders 5) Inquisition: a church court that was created to deal with heretics This court would question people about their beliefs and punish/torture them to get them to believe as the church taught (Salvation came only through the church) Some thought they were saving the people from damnation
Other countries outlawed other religions as the church wanted and the
monarchs were their muscle who passed and enforced laws for the church.
-Must attend church every week
-Must give a tide to the church
-heresy

17. MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY
Religion in the High Middle Ages
The Church was a unifying factor in Europe during this time because:
Church services were all in Latin no matter what the local language was
Vernacular – not Latin

18. MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY
Religion in the High Middle Ages
2) Sacraments: Baptism, Marriage, Eucharist (Communion)
These were all seen as necessary for salvation and only the Church and church officials could perform them

19. MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY
Religion in the High Middle Ages
3) Saints: holy people who were thought to have a special position with God and could ask God for favors
Relic-bone or object of a Saint
These were worshiped because they were thought to be a link to God