1. Jim Crow and Segregation
Handout: Describe what happened …
Supreme Court Decision - Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Supreme Court decides the Louisiana law is constitutional.
“Equal but separate accommodations” are Constitutionally valid.

6. Copyright, The Birmingham News, 2006.

8. ** Political Era defined by the following
“Spoil system”
- 5 - Ethnic violence (Chinese, etc.)
& Great Railroad Strike (1877)
- 6 - Social Darwinism –
1887 – Texas Farmers drought &
President Cleveland … *** Indicative of national government …
** Legislation During the Era …
1873 – Coinage Act of 1873 – money backed by gold
1882 – Chinese Exclusion Act – banned Chinese immigration (1882 – 1943)
1883 – Pendleton Act of 1883 & Civil Service Commission

9. ** Legislation During the Era …
1890 – Sherman Antitrust Act – It prohibited “combination … or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the states.”
1891 – Land Revision Act of 1891 – forerunner to National Forest system

10. Politics in the Gilded Age
** Political Era defined by the following …
Grant: “Well intentioned, yet defined by fraud”
Hayes: “His Fraudulency”
Garfield: Being assassinated
** “Stalwarts” vs.
“Half-breeds”
Ulysses S. Grant (1869 – 1877)
Rutherford B. Hayes (1877 – 1881)
James A. Garfield (1881)
- Died Sept. 19, 1881

11. Politics in the Gilded Age
** Political Era defined by the following …
Arthur: “Prince Arthur” the “ironic reformer”
Harrison: Tariffs, Anti-Trust Act, and land reserves
Cleveland: “The veto-er” & “I Want My Pa!” campaign
McKinley: Imperialist President
Chester A. Arthur ( )
Benjamin Harrison ( )
Grover Cleveland (1885 – 1889 & )
William McKinley ( )

12. How did the Era of Reconstruction End?
(1) White Southerner Intimidation
(2) Panic of 1873 & Economic problems
(3) Compromise of 1877 and loss of support from Northern Republicans
(4) Disenfranchisement of African Americans (1877 – 1890’s)

13. *** Rise of the Ku Klux Klan

14. What does this story say about voter intimidation?
“It was in the state of Georgia, in 1946, that a young Negro veteran named Maceo Snipes learned that by the Supreme Court ruling he had a right to vote. No Negro had voted in his county since Reconstruction, but Maceo Snipes went down and registered. The following morning he was sitting on his porch and a white man came up and killed him with a shotgun. His funeral was held the next day and in the midst of the funeral oration, Maceo’s mother rose and moved up through the crowd, up to his coffin, where they waited to lower it into the earth.
And she asked her second son to come forth. He was 17. And she said to him, ‘Put your hand on this coffin, and swear on the body of your brother than when you get to be 21, you’re going down to the courthouse to do what he did — to vote.’ ”
- Henry Wallace
- Progressive Party Candidate for President
- “Radio Address,” September, 1948

15. Lynchings = Intimidation
Lynchings: By State and Race, *
State
White
Black
Total
Alabama 48
299
347
Arizona 31
Arkansas 58
226
284
California 41 2 43
Colorado 65 3 68
Delaware 1
Florida 25
257
282
Georgia 39
492
531
Idaho 20
Illinois 15 19 34
Indiana 33 14 47
Iowa 17
Kansas 35 54
Lynchings = Intimidation

16. Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882-1968 *
White
Black
Total
Kentucky 63
142
205
Louisiana 56
335
391
Maine 1
Maryland 2 27 29
Michigan 7 8
Minnesota 5 4 9
Mississippi 42
539
581
Missouri 53 69
122
Montana 82 84
Nebraska 52 57
Nevada 6
New Jersey
New Mexico 33 3 36
New York
North Carolina 15 86
101
North Dakota 13 16

17. Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882-1968 *
White
Black
Total
Ohio 10 16 26
Oklahoma 82 40
122
Oregon 20 1 21
Pennsylvania 2 6 8
South Carolina 4
156
160
South Dakota 27
Tennessee 47
204
251
Texas
141
352
493
Utah
Vermont
Virginia 17 83
100
Washington 25
West Virginia 28 48
Wisconsin
Wyoming 30 5 35
Total
1,297
3,446
4,743
*Statistics provided  by the Archives at Tuskegee Institute.

18. African Americans Disenfranchised
Poll Tax
“Good character clause”
Literacy test
Grandfather clause

19. African Americans Disenfranchised
From 1890 to 1908, Southern states passed new constitutions, constitutional amendments, and laws to disenfranchise African Americans.
Beginning of 1870’s, 100,000’s of African American are registered to vote in each state.
By the 1890’s, only 4,000 to 5,000 African Americans are registered to vote in each state.