1. Writing with Concord: Parallel Structure

2. What is Parallelism?
“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to heaven, we were all going direct the other way - in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.”
-opening lines from A Tale of Two Cities
by Charles Dickens

3. What is Parallelism?
Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning “beside one another.”
Parallelism refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity.

4. What is parallelism?
Parallelism refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity.

5. Parallel structure for related ideas
Expressing related ideas in similar forms keeps writing on track.
Like railroad tracks, these similar forms are said to be parallel.
Parallel structure is the arrangement of corresponding parts of a sentence or group of sentences in similar grammatical forms.

6. Parallel structure for related ideas
Some of the greatest speakers and writers have used parallel structure to make their thoughts memorable.
Thomas Jefferson ended the Declaration of Independence with this memorable clause:
[W]e mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.
[W]e mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.
Note the parallel grammatical forms
our + noun
The repetition of the key word our adds to the sense of order and purpose in the passage.

7. Parallel structure for related ideas
Parallel structure can be used to connect single words, phrases, clauses, or even entire sentences.
Here General Douglas MacArthur uses three strong nouns and three noun clauses in his farewell speech to the cadets at West Point.
Duty, honor, country—those three hallowed words reverently dictate what you ought to be, what you can be, and what you will be.
nouns
noun clauses

8. Parallel structure for related ideas
Parallel structure is often seen in a series of three items. In his speech “I Have a Dream,” Martin Luther King, Jr., proclaims
And so let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania.
King repeats the key clause “let freedom ring” three times, each instance followed by a
prepositional phrase.
Each phrase also contains parallel elements:
from the
+ adjective
+ noun
+ of + name of state

9. Parallel structure for opposites
Another technique of rhetoric is to express opposites in parallel structures.
Abraham Lincoln used parallel structure to express opposites in his Gettysburg Address:
with malice toward none,
with charity for all
with + contrasting nouns + preposition + contrasting pronouns

10. Parallel structure for opposites
Here Winston Churchill expresses the contrast between two systems of government by using parallel structure.
The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal
sharing of blessings; the inherent virtue of socialism is the equal sharing of miseries.
the inherent + contrasting nouns + of + noun
the + contrasting adjectives + sharing of + contrasting nouns
How does the use of parallel structure bring out the contrast that Churchill is making?

11. Parallel structure for opposites
One special kind of parallel structure that orators use to relate opposites is called chiasmus.
This technique gets its name from the Greek letter chi, which looks like an X.
Φ Χ Ψ Ω
Like an X, chiasmus involves making two statements that “cross,” as in this sentence from John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address: A B
Let us never negotiate out of fear, B A
but let us never fear to negotiate.

12. Parallel structure for opposites
One of the most famous examples of chiasmus in American rhetoric comes from the same speech.
Ask not what your country can do for you,
ask what you can do for your country.
Notice the parallel structure that makes this contrast possible. Both halves of the sentence are parallel and contain noun clauses that are also parallel.
ask + noun clause
what + subject + can do + prepositional phrase starting with for

13. Parallel structure On Your Own
The following sentences contain words that are not parallel in form. Revise each sentence to create parallel structure.
1. Jen completed the test quickly, but her work was incorrect.
2. Both nations agreed to stop fighting, and they are now pursuing peace.
3. If we act on our emotions, then our emotions will perform actions on us.
4. Optimists see the best in every situation, while pessimists are seeing what is worst.
[End of Section]

14. Review A
Identify each group of parallel structures in this famous sentence from President Eisenhower’s 1961 farewell address.
To all the peoples of the world, I once more give expression to America's prayerful and continuing aspiration: We pray that peoples of all faiths, all races, all nations, may have their great human needs satisfied; that those now denied opportunity shall come to enjoy it to the full; that all who yearn for freedom may experience its few spiritual blessings.

15. Review B
Write three statements contrasting your thoughts or experiences as a child with what you know or do now. Make each statement parallel in structure, and include one example of chiasmus.

16. The End