1. Mendel & Heredity

2. Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel was born in 1822 to peasant parents in what is now the Czech Republic.
He became part of a monastery and was in charge of the monastery’s garden.
Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity by breeding garden peas in carefully planned experiments.

3. Mendel’s Experiments
Over time, Mendel learned how to prevent the self-pollination of the pea plants.
Instead, Mendel controlled the pollination of plants by using an artist’s brush. He transferred the pollen from one flower to the flower of another selected plant.

4. Mendel’s Experiments
Mendel used this technique to breed pea plants with specific characteristics.
Through a series of carefully designed experiments, Mendel crossed plants with different traits to see what traits the offspring would have.
These offspring are called hybrids – offspring of parents with different traits.

5. Mendel’s Experiments: Traits Studied
Seed Shape
Seed Color
Pod Shape
Pod Color
Seed Coat Color
Plant Height
Flower Position
Round
Yellow
Smooth
Green
Gray
Tall
Axial
Wrinkled
Constict
White
Short
Terminal
In order to keep his experiments simple, Mendel decided to study seven isolated traits within a pea plant.

6. Mendel’s Experiments: F1 Generation
P Generation
F1 Generation
One of Mendel’s first experiments crossed two plants with different seed colors (Yellow & Green).
These plants are called the parental generation (P Generation).
The offspring were all called the 1st filial generation (F1 Generation).
The offspring (F1 Generation) of these parent plants all had yellow seeds.

7. Mendel’s Experiments: F2 Generation
Next, Mendel crossed two plants from the F1 Generation
The offspring from this cross are called the 2nd filial generation (F2 Generation)
After taking careful count, Mendel noticed that most of the seeds in F2 Generation were still yellow, but a small number were green.
After completing hundreds of more experiments with other traits, Mendel found this ratio to be approximately, 3 to 1.

8. Mendel to Modern Heredity
Mendel stated that “factors,” which do not blend together, control each trait of a living thing. Each parent contributes one of these factors to their offspring. Today, we call these factors genes.
A gene is a section of DNA that codes for one protein. Genes are what control & produce traits. The genes Mendel studied came in two forms (tall/short; round/wrinkled seeds; yellow/green; etc)
Alternative forms of the same gene are called alleles (yellow/green, wrinkled/smooth, etc).
4. Some genes are dominant and some are recessive. The effects of a dominant allele are always seen if it is present. The effects of a recessive allele is not seen when the dominant allele is present.

9. HeterozygousDominant
Further Findings
So, each trait is controlled by a gene, and each gene has two alleles.
If the two alleles are the same, they are said to be homozygous. If they are different, they are referred to as heterozygous.
Dominant alleles are represented with a capital letter, while recessive alleles with a lower case letter.
Homozygous Dominant YY
HeterozygousDominant Yy
Homozygous Recessive yy

10. The Rule of Dominance
A dominant trait is the trait that will always be expressed if at least one dominant allele is present.
The dominant allele is always represented by a capital letter.
A recessive trait will only be expressed if both alleles are recessive.
Recessive traits are represented by a lower case letter.

11. Law of Segregation
Allele for purple flowers
This principle states that the alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed. These allele pairs are then randomly united at fertilization.
Alleles are now known to be found on copies of chromosomes – one from each parent.
Locus for
Flower-color
gene
Homologous
pair of chromes
Allele for white flower

12. More Findings Yy Yy Y y Y y YY Yy Yy yy
These alleles are separated during the formation of an organism’s reproductive cells (sperm and eggs). Then, when the egg and sperm joined, each organism would have one allele from each parent. Yy Yy Y y Y y YY Yy Yy yy

13. An Example Yy Yy YY yy Yy FATHER MOTHER
F1 Generation YY yy Yy
F2 Generation
The law of dominance explained the heredity of the offspring of the F1 Generation
The law of segregation explained the heredity of the F2 Generation

14. Phenotypes & Genotypes
Phenotype – the physical appearance of an organism; the way it looks (tall/ short, green/yellow, blue or brown eyes, etc.)
Genotype – The genetic combination (combination of alleles) of an organism (i.e. – YY, Yy, yy)
Homozygous – both alleles are the same
Heterozygous – each allele is different
Pea pod phenotypes
Pea pod genotypes YY yy

15. Punnett Squares: Monohybrid Crosses
Punnett Squares are a shorthand way of showing how alleles behave and a prediction of an expected genetic outcome.
Draw a big square and divide it into fours.
Place the genotype of one parent across the top and the genotype of the other on the left side. Tt Tt

16. TT Tt tt Punnett Squares: Monohybrid Crosses Tt
Place one allele at the side or top of each square
Populate each square with the corresponding alleles Tt T t TT Tt tt

17. Questions
How many different genotypes are present in this generation?
How many tall plants are in this generation? Tt T t TT Tt tt

18. Questions