1. Session 11
Pushing Export

2. Dumping
Selling exports at a price that is “too low,” a price below “normal value” or “fair market value.”
Either
The export price is lower than the price charged for comparable domestic sales in the home market of the exporter. or
The export price is lower than the full unit cost (including a profit margin).

3. Specific Types of Dumping
A firm temporarily charges a low price in the foreign export country so as to access the market.
Predatory Dumping
During the part of the cycle when demand is low, a firm tends to lower its price to limit the decline in quantity sold.
Cyclical Dumping

4. A firm sell of excess inventories of product during the low season.
Seasonal Dumping
A firm with market power uses price discrimination between market to increase its total profit.
Persistent Dumping

5. Demand MR MR
Demand
MC = AC
MC = AC

6. Actual Anti-dumping Policies
The importing- country’s government should examine each case and consider benefits and costs before imposing anti-dumping duties or restrictions on dumped imports.
The WTO rules permit countries to retaliate against if the dumping injures domestic import-competing producers. If the government in the importing country finds both dumping and injury, then the government is permitted to impose an anti-dumping duty.

7. Proposal for Reform on Anti-dumping Policies
Anti-dumping actions could be limited to situation in which predatory dumping plausible.
The injury standard could be expanded to require that weight be given to consumers and users of product.
Anti-dumping policy could be replaced by more active use of safeguard policy*.
*Safeguard policy is the use of temporary import protection when a sudden increase in imports causes injury to domestic producer

8. Export Subsidies (Small Nation)
Suppliers’ revenue with subsidy
* Subsidy will increase the domestic price otherwise all products will be exported.
Decreased Consumer surplus
Increased Producer surplus
Government subsidy on export
Deadweight Loss
World Price
Export with subsidy
Export without subsidy

9. Export Subsidies (Large Nation)
Suppliers’ revenue with subsidy
* Subsidy will increase the domestic price otherwise all products will be exported.
Decreased Consumer surplus
Increased Producer surplus
Government subsidy on export
Deadweight Loss
Initial World Price
New World Price
Export with subsidy
Export without subsidy

10. Switching an Importable Product into an Exportable Product
Decreased Consumer surplus
Suppliers’ revenue with subsidy
* Subsidy will increase the domestic price otherwise all products will be exported.
Increased Producer surplus
Government subsidy on export
Export with subsidy
Import

11. Conclusion toward Subsidy
An export subsidy can expands exports and production of subsidized product.
An export subsidy can lowers the price paid by foreign buyers, relative to the price that local consumers pay for the product.
The export subsidy reduces the net national well-being of the exporting contry.

12. WTO Rules on Subsidies
Subsidies linked directly to export are prohibited, except export subsidies used by the lowest-income developing countries.
Subsidies that are not linked directly to export but still have an impact on export are actionable.
Some subsidies are non-actionable.

13. Should the Importing Country Impose Countervailing Duties ?
Exporting country is a large nation.
Importing country
Decreased Producer surplus
Increased Consumer surplus
Initial world price
New world price when exporting country offered subsidy to its exporters.
If the importing country employ the countervailing duty, this is the extra benefit from such duty.