1. Introduction to Rhetoric
Freshman Honors – Spring 2015

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Table of Contents
39-40 Rhetorical Appeals

3. Rhetorical appeals [IN 40]
Logos
(Reason/Text)
Ethos (Credibility/Speaker)
Pathos
(Emotions/Audience)

4. Rhetorical appeals [in 39]
Look carefully at your advertisement and take note of the different elements. Then write a paragraph explaining:
Who is the speaker?
Who is the target audience?
What is the purpose?
How do you know?

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Table of Contents
41-42 Classical Argument
Words Worth Knowing
Structure: the arrangement of and relationships between parts or elements
Mode: form of writing; four basic modes: descriptive, narrative, expository, and persuasive

6. Classical argument [in 42]
Five parts of discourse necessary for persuasion
Introduction – warms up audience, builds rapport, thesis
Narration – presents issues, summary of background
Confirmation – presents claims and evidence
Concession and Refutation – considers/refutes opposing views
Conclusion – summarizes argument, “final blast” of ethos/pathos

7. Classical argument [in 41]
Part of Discourse
Examples from Text
Introduction
Narration
Confirmation
Concession and Refutation
Conclusion

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Words Worth Knowing
Rhetoric: the art of speaking or writing effectively.
Ethos: rhetorical appeal that draws on the speaker’s credibility.
Logos: rhetorical appeal that draws on the text’s logic, facts, and statistics.
Pathos: rhetorical appeal that draws on the audience’s emotions, values, and beliefs.

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Table of Contents
43-44 Logical Fallacies
Words Worth Knowing
Logical Fallacy: error in reasoning that undermines the logic of an argument

10. Logical Fallacies [IN 43]
When you don’t have good reasons for your arguments or you are losing your argument, you might fall into the trap of using faulty logic. Consider the following scenario, and explain which of the following you would be likely to do and why.
You want to go to a concert but your parents/guardians will not allow you to go because it is too expensive, it is a school night, they don’t approve of the band, and they don’t approve of your friends that are going. You know that you cannot win this argument, but you want to fight anyway. Which of the following are you likely to do?
Attack your parent’s parenting style.
Try to guilt them, by comparing your life to something terrible.
Explain that not going will cause a chain of events that will dramatically affect your future.
Pick the weakest point of their argument (you think it is the school night thing) and argue that.
Bring up your good grade in Science in order to distract them from their good points.
Suggest that because your sibling got to go to a basketball game last weekend, you should get to go to the concert.

11. Logical Fallacies [in 44]
Fallacy
Definition/Examples
Red Herring
Ad Hominem
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
Argumentum Ad Misericordiam
Bandwagon
Dicto Simpliciter
Circular Reasoning
Appeal to Authority
Slippery Slope
Appeal to Force

12. Logical Fallacies: Skit
Imagine a scenario in which a parent and a teenager might argue
Decide what the argument is about
Determine who will win the argument: parent or teen
The winner must make use of SOUND logic
The loser must use SIX fallacies
Write a skit for this argument – to be performed next class 

13. Logical Fallacies: Letter
Trade your parent letter draft with another student for review
Reviewer: read the letter and look for any fallacies used in the argument – circle any you find
Writer: revise your parent letter to remove potential logical fallacies – finish as homework, if needed

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Table of Contents
45-46 Style
Words Worth Knowing
Style: the particular way in which a writer uses language; created mainly through diction, figurative language, and syntax.

15. Style [in 46] Style How a writer “dresses” the message
Changes for different audiences and purposes
Based on personality and skill of writer

16. Style [in 46] Diction (Word Choice) Sets the tone for the piece
A writer may choose a word because…
How it sounds (tone, rhyme)
Technical vocabulary
Connotation (implied meaning)
girl, female, lady, woman, chica, shorty

17. Style [in 46] Syntax (Sentence Structure)
Sets the rhythm and sound of a piece
Short sentences  emphasis
Complex sentences (coord. conjunctions, semicolons)  flow
Varied syntax  create interest
In spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued. (periodic)
I went to the movies yesterday, bought candy, and shopped at the mall. (loose)
What they talked of all evening long, no one remembered next day. (inverted)

18. Style [in 46] Rhetorical Devices
Tricks used to draw attention to the message
Rhetorical questions
Repetition and parallel structure
Anecdotes
Figurative language: simile, metaphor, imagery, personification
Overstatement (hyperbole) and understatement