1. Blood
Chapter 19

2. Introduction Functions Composition Volume varies Transport medium
Regulation
Protection
Composition
Plasma – fluid
Formed elements – cells & cell fragments
Volume varies
Average = 5 liters

3. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Composition of Blood
FG20_01.JPG
Title: The Composition of Whole Blood
Notes: The percentage ranges for white blood cells indicate the normal variation seen in a count of 100 white blood cells in a healthy individual.
Keywords: whole blood, composition, plasma, formed elements, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma proteins, electrolytes, organic nutrients, wastes
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

4. Plasma = about 55% of the blood Composition
Mostly water
Plasma proteins
Dissolved foods, wastes, gases, ions
Differences between plasma and intersititial fluid
Plasma has more dissolved gases
Plasma has more proteins
Concentrations of small molecules are similar

5. Plasma Proteins Most are made by the liver
Albumins – transport fatty acids & steroids
Globulins – immune functions
Fibrinogen – blood clotting

6. Formed Elements Blood cells and cell fragments Produced by hemopoiesis
Arise from stem cells called hemocytoblasts
Types of formed elements
Erythrocytes – red blood cells (RBCs)
Leukocytes – white blood cells (WBCs)
Thrombocytes – platelets

7. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Erythrocytes
Biconcave
Have no nuclei (or other organelles)
Functional for about 120 days
Production occurs in the red bone marrow
Erythropoiesis
Controlled by erythropoietin
Functions
Transport O2 & some CO2
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

8. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
SEM of RBCs
SEMFG20_02C.JPG
Title: Anatomy of Red Blood Cells
Notes: (a)Standard red blood smear. (b)Rouleaux formation as red blood cells travel through a capillary. (c)SEM of red blood cells; 3-dimensional structure. (d)Sectional view of red blood cell.
Keywords: red blood cell, rouleaux, capillary, sectional view
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

9. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Hemoglobin
Binds to oxygen & carbon dioxide
Anemia
Polycythemia (erythrocytosis)
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

10. Numbers of RBCs Normally 4.3-5.8 million cells/mm3 of blood
Males = million/mm3
Females = million/mm3
Numbers affect viscosity of blood
The percentage of erythrocytes, by volume, in whole blood is the hematocrit
Males = 45%
Females = 42%

11. Leukocytes About 5000 – 10,000/mm3 of blood
Produced by leukopoiesis in red bone marrow
Location – mostly in peripheral tissues
Functions
Defense against pathogens
Removal of toxins, wastes, abnormal or damaged cells
As large or larger than RBCs, contain nuclei

12. Types of WBCs Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

13. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
A Neutrophil
Neutrophils are phagocytic towards bacteria
55-65% of circulating WBCs
FG20_05A.JPG
Title: White Blood Cells
Notes: Comparison of leukocytes as seen in blood smears. (a)Neutrophil. (b)Eosinophil. (c)Basophil. (d)Monocyte. (e)Lymphocyte. Platelets are visible in part (e) as small cellular fragments between the RBC's.
Keywords: white blood cells, neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte, red blood cell, platelet
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

14. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
An Eosinophil
Eosinophils are involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections
2-4% of circulating WBCs
FG20_05B.JPG
Title: White Blood Cells
Notes: Comparison of leukocytes as seen in blood smears. (a)Neutrophil. (b)Eosinophil. (c)Basophil. (d)Monocyte. (e)Lymphocyte. Platelets are visible in part (e) as small cellular fragments between the RBC's.
Keywords: white blood cells, neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte, red blood cell, platelet
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

15. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
A Basophil
Basophils exaggerate inflammation at the site of an injury
Less than 1% of circulating WBCs
FG20_05C.JPG
Title: White Blood Cells
Notes: Comparison of leukocytes as seen in blood smears. (a)Neutrophil. (b)Eosinophil. (c)Basophil. (d)Monocyte. (e)Lymphocyte. Platelets are visible in part (e) as small cellular fragments between the RBC's.
Keywords: white blood cells, neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte, red blood cell, platelet
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

16. Types of WBCs Agranulocytes do not have granules in their cytoplasm
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

17. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
A Monocyte
Monocytes are phagocytes and form the macrophages of the tissues
2-8% of the WBC population
FG20_05D.JPG
Title: White Blood Cells
Notes: Comparison of leukocytes as seen in blood smears. (a)Neutrophil. (b)Eosinophil. (c)Basophil. (d)Monocyte. (e)Lymphocyte. Platelets are visible in part (e) as small cellular fragments between the RBC's.
Keywords: white blood cells, neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte, red blood cell, platelet
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

18. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
A Lymphocyte
Lymphocytes are responsible for specific immunity
B lymphocytes produce antibodies
T lymphocytes attack foreign cells directly
20-30% of the WBC population
FG20_05E.JPG
Title: White Blood Cells
Notes: Comparison of leukocytes as seen in blood smears. (a)Neutrophil. (b)Eosinophil. (c)Basophil. (d)Monocyte. (e)Lymphocyte. Platelets are visible in part (e) as small cellular fragments between the RBC's.
Keywords: white blood cells, neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte, red blood cell, platelet
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

19. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Thrombocytes
Formed from fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes
Have no nuclei, lifespan is 10 – 12 days
Number about 350,000/mm3 of blood
Function
Involved in the clotting mechanism
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

20. Origins & Differentiation of Blood Cells
FG20_08.JPG
Title: The Origins and Differentiation of Blood Cells
Notes: Hemocytoblast stem cells give rise to myeloid and lymphoid stem cells. Myeloid stem cells produce progenitor cells, which divide to produce the various classes of blood cells. The graph indicates the primary locations of blood cell formation during embryo
Keywords: blood cells, origins, differentiation, hemocytoblast, myeloid stem cells, progenitor cells, lymphoid stem cell, lymphocytes, monocytes, myelocytes, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, platelets, erythroblast, erythrocyte, reticulocyte, megakaryocyte
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

21. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Blood Types
Antigens are specific proteins on RBC membranes
A, B, O, Rh
Antigens are accompanied by antibodies in plasma
Specific antibodies bind with antigens, cause agglutination
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001